Profile of Endothelin-1, Nitric Oxide, and Prostacyclin Levels in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Related to Uncorrected Atrial Septal Defect: Results from a Single Center Study in Indonesia

Figure 2

(a–c). Bar graphs indicate the distinctive pattern of biomarkers, i.e., endothelin-1, prostacyclin, and nitric oxide, according to the severity of PAH. Endothelin-1 is constantly increased from mild, moderate to severe PAH (Figure 2(a)). Post hoc analysis shows significant increase in endothelin-1 level in severe PAH as compared with mild () and moderate PAH (). There was an increased level of prostacyclin in mild-to-moderate PAH and decreased level in severe PAH (Kruskal–Wallis, value = 0.128) (Figure 2(b)). Similar pattern was observed in the level of nitric oxide which was increased in mild-to-moderate PAH, whereas decreased in severe PAH (one-way ANOVA, value = 0.064) (Figure 2(c)). Post hoc analysis showed significant increase from mild to moderate PAH ().

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