Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites Based on the Regulation of MicroRNAs

Table 2

MicroRNA effect on synthesis of terpenoid secondary metabolites.

Botanical name	Common name	Family	miRNA	Target	Function	References
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.	Kutki	Scrophulariaceae	iRNA-4995	3-Deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase (DAHP synthase)	Terpenoid biosynthesis	[73]
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don	Tropical periwinkle	Apocynaceae	mir-5021	MYB transcription factor, geranyl diphosphate synthase, GCPE protein, UDP-glucose iridoid glucosyltransferase	Isoprenoid/terpenoid biosynthesis	[74]
Ferula gummosa Boiss.	Galbanum	Apiaceae	miR2919, miR5251, miR838, miR5021, miR5658	SPL7, SPL11, ATHB13 TFs	Terpene biosynthesis	[76]
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.	Patchouli	Lamiaceae	miR156	SPL9	Sesquiterpenoid, triterpenoid biosynthesis	[77]
Mentha spp.	Mint	Lamiaceae	miR156, miR414, and miR5021	Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) geranyl di-phosphate synthase subunit alpha-like protein (NACA)	Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis	[66]
			miR156	1-Deoxy-D-xylulose	Terpenoid biosynthesis	[66]
				5-Phosphate synthase (DXS)
			miR414	Terpene synthase 21 (TPS21)	Sesquiterpenoid, triterpenoid biosynthesis
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz	Indian snakeroot	Apocynaceae	miR396b	Secologanin synthase	Secologanin	[55]
Salvia miltiorrhiza	Red sage	Lamiaceae	miR5072	Acetyl-CoA C-acetyl transferase	Tanshinones (abietane-type norditerpenoid quinones)	[78]
Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Ginger	Zingiberaceae	miR838	CYP71	Terpenoid metabolism	[57]
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle	Kutki	Plantaginaceae	miR4995	3-Deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase (DAHP synthase)	Picroside biosynthesis	[73]
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle	Mayapple	Berberidaceae	miR5538	Protein-S-isoprenylcysteine	Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis	[56]
				O-methyltransferase
Xanthium strumarium L.	Rough cocklebur	Asteraceae	miR7539, miR5021, miR1134	Upstream genes of terpenoid pathway	Terpenoid	[75]
			miR5491, miR5255	Beta-amyrin synthase	Xanthanolide (sesquiterpenoids)
			miR6449, miR5183	Squalene epoxidase
			miR7540	Ent-kaurene synthase
				Gibberellin 3-oxidase
				R-Linalool synthase
			miR7540, mmiR5183, miR6449, miR5255, miR5491, miR6435	R-Linalool synthase, gibberellin 3-oxidase, ent-kaurene synthase, squalene epoxidase, beta-amyrin synthase, germacrene A oxidase	Mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoid biosynthesis
			miR1134	3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR)	Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
			miR5183	Gibberellin 3-oxidase	Diterpenoid
			miR5255	Squalene epoxidase	Triterpenoid
			miR5491	Beta-amyrin synthase	Triterpenoid
			miR6435	Germacrene A oxidase	Sesquiterpenoid
			miR6449	Ent-kaurene synthase	Diterpenoid
			miR7539	1-Deoxy-D-xylulose	Terpenoid backbone
				5-Phosphate synthase (DXS)
			miR7540	R-Linalool synthase	Monoterpenoid
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.	Asian ginseng	Araliaceae	miR854e miR854b miR854c	Farnesyl diphosphate synthase, squalene epoxidase (SE)	Ginsenosides (triterpene)	[79]
			miR1439b, miR1439h	Beta amyrin synthase
Artemisia annua Pall.	Sweet wormwood	Asteraceae	miR390	A gene involved in trichome development	Artemisinin (sesquiterpene)	[72]
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke	Swertia	Gentianaceae	miR-168	Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase	PSMs	[33]
			miR-11320	Aspartate aminotransferase
			miR-166a	Premnaspirodiene oxygenase
			miR-11071	Ribulose-phosphate3-epimerase
			miR-156a	Phosphoglycerate mutase,
			miR-166b
Curcuma longa L.	Turmeric	Zingiberaceae	miR5649a	Geranylgeranyl-diphosphate specific	Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis	[48]
			miR5021	Geranyl-diphosphate synthase
				1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS)
				Geranylgeranyl-diphosphate synthase
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Tea	Theaceae	miR3630	MYC2	Terpenoid biosynthesis	[65]
			miR33418	MYB.
			miR156f	SPL9
			miR156	AaERF1/2
			miR535
			miR858
Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz	Kesum	Polygonaceae	pmi-miR530 pmimiR6173	MVD, probable sulphate transporter; Sesquiterpene synthase, HMGR, farnesyl diphosphate synthase 1	Terpenoid biosynthesis	[80]
			pmi-miR6300
Ginkgo biloba L.	Maidenhair tree	Ginkgoaceae	miR_2924, miR_218	HMGS, MK, MPDC, LPS	Terpene trilactones (TTLs) biosynthesis	[81]
			miR_2642
			miR159a, miR159, miR_2432	LPS	Terpene trilactones (TTLs) biosynthesis
Artemisia annua Pall.	Sweet wormwood	Asteraceae	miR159, miR172	Cytochrome P450 reductase; CYP71AV1 catalyzes	Artemisinin (ART) biosynthesis (sesquiterpene)	[82]
			miR166
Ferula gummosa Boiss.	Ferula	Apiaceae	miR1533, miR5021, miR5658	SPL7, SPL11, ATHB13	Terpene biosynthesis	[76]
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni	Candyleaf	Asteraceae	miRstv_7	UDP-glycosyl transferase76G1 (UGT76G1)	Steviol glycoside biosynthesis	[83]
			miRstv_7	Kaurenoic acid hydroxylase (KAH)	Steviol glycoside biosynthesis
			miRstv_7	Kaurene oxidase (KO)	Steviol glycoside biosynthesis