Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites Based on the Regulation of MicroRNAs

Table 1

miRNA effect on the synthesis of secondary metabolites.

Botanical name	Common name	Family	miRNA	Target	Function	References
Helianthus annuus L.	Sunflower	Asteraceae	miR2911	Gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase	Tocopherol biosynthesis	[46]
Salvia sclarea L.	Clary	Lamiaceae	miR828a, miR948a	MYB12 lipoxygenase	Flavonoid biosynthesis	[47]
Curcuma longa L.	Turmeric	Zingiberaceae	miR2919	Flavanone synthase		[48]
			miR1168.2, miR156b		Curcumin biosynthesis
			miR1858
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.	Sweet potato	Convolvulaceae	ib-miR156	ibSPL	Anthocyanin biosynthesis	[49]
Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq.	Kiwifruit	Actinidiaceae	miR858	AaF3H, AaLDOX		[50]
				AaF3GT
Diospyros kaki L. f.	Kaki	Ebenaceae	miR395p-3p	bHLH, MYB	Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis	[51]
			miR858b
Lonicera japonica Thunb.	Japanese honeysuckle	Caprifoliaceae	miRNAs (U436803, U977315, U805963, U3938865, 4351355)	R2R3-MYB transcription factors	Flavonoid biosynthesis	[2, 3]
Halostachys caspica C.A.Mey.	Bail	Amaranthaceae	miR6194	Flavanone 3-hydroxylase	Flavonol, anthocyanidin, and proanthocyanidin syntheses	[52]
			miR5655
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.	Thale cress	Brassicaceae	miR156	SPL9	Anthocyanin biosynthesis	[53]
			miR858a	R2R3-MYB transcription factors	Flavonoid biosynthesis	[54]
			miR156	SPL transcription factor, transcription factors	Flavonoid biosynthesis	[53, 54]
			miRNA858a
			R2R3-MYB
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz	Indian snakeroot	Apocynaceae	miR396b	Kaempferol 3-O-beta-dgalactosyltransferase	Flavonol glycoside	[55]
			miR828a	Anthocyanin regulatory C1 protein	Anthocyanin biosynthesis
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle	May apple	Berberidaceae	miR1438	Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyl transferase	Lignin biosynthesis	[56]
			miR1873	Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase C	Flavonoid biosynthesis
			miR1873	Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)	Gingerol (phenolic) biosynthesis	[57]
			miR5532	2-Hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase	Isoflavonoid biosynthesis	[56]
			miR1873/miR5532	Dihydroflavonol	Flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis
				4-Reductase C/-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase
			miR172i	4-Coumarate–CoA ligase	Flavonoid biosynthesis
			miR829.1	Chalcone synthase
Glycine max (L.) Merr.	Soybean	Fabaceae	CHS-siRNA	Chalcone synthase	Flavonoid biosynthesis	[58, 59]
Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder	Pear tree	Rosaceae	miR1061-3p	Naringenin 3-dioxygenase	Flavonoid biosynthesis	[60]
Helianthus annuus L.	Sunflower	Asteraceae	miR2911	γ-Tocopherol methyl transferase	α-Tocopherol biosynthesis	[46]
			miRNAs (U4992168, U2743257)	Isoflavone 20-hydroxylase; dihydroflavonol 4-reductase	Flavones biosynthesis	[2]
Raphanus sativus L.	Radish	Brassicaceae	miR156	MYBs, bHLH, WD40, SPLs, ARF, EIN3, WRKY, MADS-box, sucrose synthase, sugar/inositol transporter ABC transporter	Anthocyanin biosynthesis	[61]
			miR828
			miR858
Vitis vinifera L.	Grape	Vitaceae	miR828	MYB114, flavonoid	Flavonol biosynthesis	[62]
			miR858	3-Monooxygenase (F3MO)
Osmanthus fragrans Lour.	Sweet osmanthus	Oleaceae	miR858, miR858a	MYB1- > CHI, CHS, FLS	Flavonoid synthesis	[63]
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze	Tea	Theaceae	csn-miR160a	Auxin response factor 18	Catechin biosynthesis	[64]
			csn-miR396a	Growth-regulating factor 7, calcium-transporting ATPase 13, DNA-directed RNA polymerase V subunit
			csn-miR167a	Auxin response factor 6 ARF6, CHI enzyme
			csn-miR4380a	DFR
			csn-miR3444b
			csn-miR5251	C4H
			csn-miR7777-5P.1
			miR2593e	ANR
			miR166, miR169	HD-ZIP, NF-YA, GATA	Phytohormone biosynthesis (gallated catechin, caffeine, theanine)	[65]
			miR398
Mentha spp.	Mint	Lamiaceae	miR156	Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)	Flavone/flavonol biosynthesis	[66]
Halostachys caspica C.A.Mey.	Yan Sui Mu	Berberidaceae	miR6194	Flavanone 3b-hydroxylase (F3H)	Flavonols, anthocyanidins	[52]
					Biosynthesis