Selected Spatiotemporal and Joint Angle Parameters in Normal Gait and Nordic Walking with Classical and Mechatronic Poles in Aspects of Sex Differences

Table 3

ROM differences between measurements: “no-pole”(1) vs. “classical pole”(2) vs. “mechatronic pole”(3).

ROM; (degree)	Sex	(1)	(2)	(3)	value,; ANOVA, or Friedman test	Significant differences; (1)-(2)-(3); (according to post hoc test)
Elbow flexion-extension LT	Males				0.723
	Females
Elbow flexion-extension RT	Males				0.630
	Females
Shoulder flexion-extension LT	Males				0.010	(1)-(2); (1)-(3)
	Females
Shoulder flexion-extension RT	Males				0.167
	Females
Shoulder ab-adduction LT	Males				0.031	Females: (1)-(2) females: (1)-(3)
	Females
Shoulder ab-adduction RT	Males				0.564
	Females
Shoulder rotation LT	Males				<0.001	(1)-(2); (1)-(3)
	Females
Shoulder rotation RT	Males				<0.001	Females: (1)-(2) females: (1)-(3)
	Females
Wrist radial-ulnar LT	Males				0.032	Males: (1)-(3)
	Females
Wrist radial-ulnar RT	Males				0.090
	Females
Wrist supination-pronation LT	Males				<0.001	(1)-(2); (1)-(3)
	Females
Wrist supination-pronation RT	Males				0.054
	Females
Hip flexion-extension LT	Males				0.001	(1)-(2); (1)-(3)
	Females
Hip flexion-extension RT	Males				<0.001	(1)-(2); (1)-(3)
	Females
Hip ab-adduction LT	Males				0.717
	Females
Hip ab-adduction RT	Males				0.297
	Females
Hip rotation LT	Males				0.047	(1)-(3)
	Females
Hip rotation RT	Males				0.005	(1)-(3); (2)-(3)
	Females
Knee flexion-extension LT	Males				0.105
	Females
Knee flexion-extension RT	Males				0.184
	Females
Ankle dorsi-plantarflexion LT	Males				0.520
	Females
Ankle dorsi-plantarflexion RT	Males				0.179
	Females
Ankle inversion-eversion LT	Males				0.141
	Females
Ankle inversion-eversion RT	Males				0.841
	Females
Ankle ab-adduction LT	Males				0.520
	Females
Ankle ab-adduction RT	Males				0.151
	Females

Where: italics indicate Friedman test results; bold indicates significant differences between males and females; M: mean; SD: standard deviation; ROM: range of motion; RT: right; LT: left limb; : partial eta squared.