BioMed Research International

Research Article

Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided Canal Adductor Blockade for Chronic Pain and Functioning in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study

Table 3

Changes in quadriceps muscle strength and related pain intensity over time, with estimated adjusted effect size.


Time, leg	Mean (SD),	Effect size⁺	95% CI	value	Effect^Ͱ size	95% CI	value

QS (kg)
B/L, control	20.33 (8.64), 77
B/L, blockade	18.43 (9.69), 77	-1.86	-3.07--0.64	0.003
1 H, control	21.26 (8.14), 77				0.88	-0.33–2.11	0.155
1 H, blockade	20.38 (8.33), 77	-0.85	-2.07–0.37	0.170	1.89	0.67–3.11	0.002
1 W, control	24.09 (8.80), 73				3.83	2.59–5.08	<0.001
1 W, blockade	22.51 (9.71), 74	-1.71	-2.95--0.46	0.007	3.98	2.74–5.22	<0.001
1 M, control	24.12 (8.87), 71				4.08	2.83–5.33	<0.001
1 M, blockade	22.77 (9.39), 72	-1.52	-2.77--0.26	0.018	4.42	3.18–5.67	<0.001
Pain at QS measurement
B/L, control	1.95 (2.37), 77
B/L, blockade	4.47 (2.79), 77	2.29	1.89–2.77	<0.001
1 H, control	1.55 (2.17), 77				0.79	0.61–0.89	<0.001
1 H, blockade	2.16 (2.24), 77	1.42	1.12–1.80	<0.001	0.79	0.40–0.59	<0.001
1 W, control	1.00 (1.67), 73				0.52	0.39–0.68	<0.001
1 W, blockade	2.58 (2.23), 74	2.18	1.63–2.91	<0.001	0.57	0.47–0.69	<0.001
1 M, control	0.93 (1.62), 71				0.47	0.35–0.63	<0.001
1 M, blockade	2.04 (2.30), 72	2.53	1.94–3.31	<0.001	0.45	0.36–0.55	<0.001

QS: quadriceps muscle strength; B/L: baseline; 1 H: 1 hour; 1 W: 1 week; 1 M: 1 month after the adductor canal blockade; ⁺age-, gender-, and BMI-adjusted absolute (relative) effect size for the difference between the blockade and control limbs at different measurements, as estimated with the linear (or Poisson) mixed effects model including the interaction between measurement and limb. A Poisson mixed effects model was used for pain at QS measurement; ^Ͱage-, gender-, and BMI-adjusted absolute (relative) effect size for the difference between 1 hour, 1 week, and 1 month versus baseline for the blockade and control limbs, as estimated with the linear (or Poisson) mixed effects model including the interaction between measurement and group.