Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided Canal Adductor Blockade for Chronic Pain and Functioning in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study

Table 2

Changes in passive knee range of motion and related pain intensity over time, with estimated adjusted effect size.

Time, leg	Mean (SD),	Effect size^+	95% CI	value	Effect^Ͱ size	95% CI	value
ROM extension (°)
B/L, control	0.84 (3.92), 77
B/L, blockade	3.90 (5.99), 77	3.22	2.32–4.12	<0.001
1 H, control	0.97 (3.89), 77				0.13	-0.76–1.03	0.773
1 H, blockade	3.05 (4.94), 77	2.24	1.34–3.14	<0.001	-0.86	-1.74–0.04	0.061
1 W, control	1.35 (4.08), 74				0.47	-0.43–1.38	0.311
1 W, blockade	2.97 (4.96), 74	1.78	0.86–2.70	<0.001	-0.98	-1.88--0.08	0.035
1 M, control	1.06 (3.73), 72				0.25	-0.65–1.17	0.587
1 M, blockade	2.89 (4.49), 72	1.83	0.91–2.76	<0.001	-1.14	-2.04--0.24	0.014
ROM flexion (°)
B/L, control	127.17 (13.20), 77
B/L, blockade	119.90 (14.67), 77	-7.43	-9.55--5.32	<0.001
1 H, control	127.53 (13.22), 77				0.37	-1.74–2.49	0.733
1 H, blockade	125.61 (11.20), 77	-2.08	-4.19–0.04	0.054	5.72	3.60–7.84	<0.001
1 W, control	128.31 (12.56), 74				1.20	-0.94–3.34	0.272
1 W, blockade	125.58 (11.84), 72	-2.77	-4.93--0.61	0.012	5.87	3.72–8.01	<0.001
1 M, control	128.50(12.39), 72				1.69	-0.45–3.85	0.122
1 M, blockade	124.86 (12.67), 72	-3.64	-5.81--1.47	0.001	5.49	3.33–7.65	<0.001
Pain at ROM flexion measurement
B/L, control	2.19 (2.62), 77
B/L, blockade	5.70 (2.56), 77	2.63	2.20–3.14	<0.001
1 H, control	1.62 (2.25), 77				0.74	0.58–0.93	<0.001
1 H, blockade	3.04 (2.48), 77	1.90	1.53–2.37	<0.001	0.53	0.45–0.63	<0.001
1 W, control	1.51 (2.03), 74				0.70	0.55–0.89	<0.001
1 W, blockade	3.20 (2.11), 74	2.12	1.69–2.65	<0.001	0.57	0.48–0.67	<0.001
1 M, control	1.56 (2.34), 72				0.69	0.54–0.88	<0.001
1 M, blockade	3.29 (2.51), 72	2.12	1.69–2.65	<0.001	0.56	0.47–0.66	<0.001

ROM: range of motion; B/L: baseline; 1 H: 1 hour; 1 W: 1 week; 1 M: 1 month after the adductor canal blockade; ⁺age-, gender-, and BMI-adjusted absolute (relative) effect size for the difference between the blockade and control limbs at different measurements, as estimated with the linear (or Poisson) mixed effects model including the interaction between measurement and limb. A Poisson mixed effects model was used for pain at ROM flexion measurement; age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted absolute (relative) effect size for the difference between 1 hour, 1 week, and 1 month versus baseline for the blockade and control limbs, as estimated with the linear (or Poisson) mixed effects model including the interaction between measurement and limb. A Poisson mixed effects model was used for pain at ROM flexion measurement; age-, sex-, and BMI-adjusted absolute (relative) effect size for the difference between 1 hour, 1 week, and 1 month versus baseline for the blockade and control limbs, as estimated with the linear (or Poisson) mixed effects model including the interaction between measurement and group.