Determinants of Intimate Partner Violence against Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Table 1
Characteristics of the included studies.
Author
Year
Design
Setting
Tool
Total
Prevalence of IPV number (percent)
Factors associated with IPV
Overall
Physical
Sexual
Psychological
Ashenafi
2020
CBCS
Oromia
WHO
3015
918 (30)
359 (12)
332 (11)
736 (24)
Age 20-30 ( (1.23, 1.98), partner khat use ( (1.41-2.11), late ANC( (1.09-1.42), unwanted partner pregnancy ( (1.03-1.36), and no partner educational status ( (1.06-1.47)
Belay
2018
IBCS
Amhara
WHO
319
148 (46)
120 (38)
137 (43)
141 (44)
No formal education (; 95% CI: 3.1, 17.8),age difference with partner > ( (1.4, 5.9), decision by man (; 95% CI: 2.3, 23.3), family arrangements of marriage (; 95% CI: 1.2, 7.6), and no formal education of partner (; 95% CI: 1.6, 4.8)
Gashaw
2019
IBCS
Oromia
AAS
720
581 (81)
380 (53)
357 (50)
370 (51)
Partner alcohol use ( (5.5,15.7), partner experienced violence as a child ( (13.1,33.4), partner witnessed violence as a child ( (10.5,26.0), woman childhood abused ( (7.3,19.2), family history of IPV ( (7.1,22.0),and decisionmaking by partner ( (5.9,12.6)
Belay
2019
CBCS
SNNP
WHO
589
125 (21)
54 (9)
65 (11)
86 (15)
Rural (; 95% CI = 1.06–4.09), family history of IPV (; 95% CI = 6.43–30.48), unwanted pregnancy (; 95% CI =3.44–27.03), husbands used alcohol (; 95% CI =3.83–76.19), depression (; 95% CI = 1.37–16.18), and low social support (; 95% CI = 6.98–27.77).
Yehunnes
2019
IBCS
Oromia
WHO
299
193 (65)
132 (44)
71 (24)
117 (31)
No formal education (; 95% CI: 2.23, 11.65), husband’s alcohol use (; 95% CI 1.873, 11.51), husband history of arrest (; 95% CI: 1.15, 5.88), and occupation of husband (farmer) (; 95% CI: 1.29, 8.25)
Azene
2019
IBCS
Amhara
WHO
409
168 (41)
86 (21)
81 (20)
119 (29)
Lower educational status of partners (, 95% CI: 1.45–7.36), rural (, 95% CI: 1.17–13.93), partner alcohol use (, 95% CI: 2.08–11.04), early initiation of ANC (, 95% CI: 0.24–0.81)/0.56 (), age 17–26 years , 95% CI: 0.09–0.49), and choice of partner by the women only (,95% CI:1.24–8.57)
Unwanted pregnancy ( (1.693-4.903) and partner alcohol use( (.848-3.666)
Tulu
2019
IBCS
Oromia
WHO
375
92 (25)
61 (16)
34 (9)
44 (12)
Partner alcohol use (, 95% CI: 1.22-9.11), unplanned pregnancy (, 95% CI:1.32-2.88), and unwanted pregnancy (, 95% CI: 1.06-2.28)
Adhena
2020
IBCS
Tigray
WHO
538
202 (36)
72 (13)
95 (17)
135 (25)
Unplanned pregnancy (, 95% CI: (2, 10.28)), unmarried women (, 95% CI: (1.18, 5.73), alcoholic partner (, 95% CI: (2.1, 5.16), spouse’s multiple sexual partners (, 95% CI: (2.2, 12), acceptance of DV by women (, 95% CI: (1.1, 3.16)), low decision-making power (, 95% CI: (1.6, 4.3), and no interest in current pregnancy by partner (, 95% CI: (2.36, 14.9)
Tadesse
2020
IBCS
Amhara
WHO
402
126 (31)
44 (11)
74 (18)
80 (20)
Eba
2014
IBCS
Addis Ababa
WHO
412
158 (38)
92 (22)
100 (24)
—
Laelago
2017
IBCS
SNNP
WHO
183
43 (23)
27 (15)
22 (12)
36 (20)
Partners’ alcohol use ( (7.4, 65.6), no formal education of the partners ( (1.06, 108.5), planned pregnancy ( (0.08, 0.67) OR 1.77 (1.23, 1.92, and low birth weight of the new born (AOR:14.3,95% CI: (5.03, 40.7).
Mussa
2020
IBCS
SNNP
WHO
648
258 (40)
168 (26)
24 (3.7)
166 (26)
Longer duration of marriage (, 95% CI: 1.01–2.79), unplanned pregnancy (, 95% CI: 1.03–2.34), controlling behaviour, (, 95% CI: 1.46–3.40), and attitude justifies DV (, 95% CI: 1.09–2.36)
Abate
2016
CBCS
Oromia
WHO
282
126 (45)
82 (29)
85 (30)
46 (16)
Lower educational status of partners (AOR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2, 0.9), dowry payment (AOR 8.7, 95% CI 4.2, 17.9), and no marriage ceremony (AOR 4.1, 95% CI 2, 8.2)
Yimer
2014
CBCS
Amhara
WHO
425
137 (32)
48 (11)
63 (15)
106 (25)
Childhood DV (, 95% CI 1.1–4.8), partner alcohol use (, 95% CI 1.6–7.4), and undesired pregnancy by partner (2, 95% CI 3.2–12.1)
Gebrezgi
2017
IBCS
Tigray
WHO
422
87 (21)
87 (21)
—
—
—
Fekadu
2018
IBCS
Amhara
WHO
450
264 (59)
145 (32)
34 (8)
260 (58)
House wives , 95% CI: 1.63, 7.21), no salary of their own (, 95% CI: 2.14, 7.95), partners’ alcohol use (, 95% CI: 1.82, 11.56), women who believed in women’s rights to decide to be pregnant (, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.89), and women who disobeyed their partner (, 95% CI: 1.37, 4.07)
Mohammed
2017
IBCS
Addis Ababa
WHO
210
39 (19)
20 (9.5)
62 (30)
21 (10)
—
Demilash
2015
IBCS
Oromia
SELF
384
100 (26)
75 (20)
54 (14)
76 (20)
—
Bifftu
2017
IBCS
Amhara
WHO
418
106 (25)
34 (8)
10 (2.4)
103 (25)
Low educational status (, CI: 1.496, 14.070), rural (, CI: 2.311, 13.249), unplanned pregnancy (, CI: 2.345, 8.020), and late initiation ANC (, CI: 1.493, 19.696)
Kassa
2016
IBCS
SNNP
WHO
216
26 (12)
26 (12)
—
—
—
Gossaye
2003
CBCS
Oromia
WHO
214
164 (77)
164 (77)
—
—
—
Nigussie
2020
IBCS
Amhara
WHO
409
119 (29)
—
—
119 (29)
—
Note: IBCS: institution-based cross-sectional, CBCS: community-based cross-sectional, SNNP: Southern Nation and Nationalities of People.
