Muscle Strength, Physical Fitness, Balance, and Walking Ability at Risk of Fall for Prefrail Older People

Table 2

Analysis of variance of the basic characteristic, physical fitness, and fall risk of community-dwelling older adults with pre-frailty (N = 221).

Variable	Fall risk		^2/t
	No; ()	Yes; ()
Age^b			-7.42	≤0.001
Age group^a			45.82	≤0.001
65–75 years	95	22
75 years and above	38	66
Sex^a			3.96	.04
Male	52	23
Female	81	65
Marital status^a			3.09	.07
Single	27	27
Married	106	61
Living status^a			.17	.67
With family	116	75
Solitary	17	13
Educational level^a			32.28	≤0.001
Illiterate	20	41
Elementary school	79	42
Above junior high school	34	5
Alcohol consumption history^a			1.24	.53
No	97	68
Quit	12	9
Yes	24	11
Fall history^a			8.95	.03
No	105	67
1 time	23	15
2 times	5	1
3 times	0	5
Chronic disease history^a			13.12	.15
Osteoarthritis	64	64
Hypertension	64	53
Diabetes	15	25
Myocardial infarction
Congestive heart failure	34	36
Hyperlipidemia	51	39
Stroke	6	6
Kidney failure	1	0
Mental disorder	9	6
Glaucoma	9	4
Cataract	52	47
Long-term medication consumption^a			14.79	≤0.001
Yes	101	84
No	32	4
Number of long-term medications^b	1.75	2.65	-3.99	≤0.001
Exercise^a			.17	.91
No	8	5
< 2 days/week	11	6
> 3 days/week	114	77
Insomnia^a			1.63	.20
Yes	49	40
No	84	48
BMI^b			-1.17	.24
BMI grouping^a			3.18	.20
Normal	46	30
Overweight	55	28
Obese	32	30
Grip strength^b
Left hand			5.05	≤0.001
Right hand			6.03	≤0.001
Total grip strength			5.70	≤0.00
Timed Up and Go test^b			-6.25	≤0.001
30-s chair stand test^b			7.19	≤0.001
Frailty stage^a			9.64	.002
No	98	47
Prefrailty	35	41

^ais a categorical variable expressed as (%) and analysed using a chi-square test (χ²); ^bis a continuous variable expressed by Mean ± SD and tested using an independent sample -test. , , .