Mechanism of Hypoxia-Mediated Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Leading to Vascular Remodeling

Figure 1

ER stress process induced by hypoxia. ATP production is reduced due to hypoxia, which leads to abnormal protein translation and the release of a large number of [Ca²⁺] from the calcium pool. Finally, the activity of proapoptotic genes is inhibited, and the activity of antiapoptotic genes is activated, which leads to the proliferation of VSMCs.