Enhanced Thermal Stability and Synergistic Effects of Magnesium and Iron Borate Composites against Pathogenic Bacteria

Ahmad, Pervaiz; Khandaker, Mayeen Uddin; Khan, Abdulhameed; Rehman, Fida; Din, Salah Ud; Ali, Hazrat; Khan, Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad, Nawshad; Ahmed, Nasar; Ullah, Zahoor; Khan, Ghulamullah; Haq, Sirajul; Emran, Talha Bin; Sharma, Rohit; Ashraf, I. M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3605054

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Emerging Therapeutics in Treating Microbial Infections

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 3605054 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3605054

Enhanced Thermal Stability and Synergistic Effects of Magnesium and Iron Borate Composites against Pathogenic Bacteria

Pervaiz Ahmad,¹Mayeen Uddin Khandaker,^2,3Abdulhameed Khan,⁴Fida Rehman,⁵Salah Ud Din,⁶Hazrat Ali,⁷Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,⁷Nawshad Muhammad,⁸Nasar Ahmed,¹Zahoor Ullah,⁹Ghulamullah Khan,¹⁰and Sirajul Haq⁶ et al.

Academic Editor: Mahmoud Kandeel

Received06 Aug 2022

Revised18 Sept 2022

Accepted27 Sept 2022

Published14 Nov 2022

Abstract

A simple process based on the dual roles of both magnesium oxide (MgO) and iron oxide (FeO) with boron (B) as precursors and catalysts has been developed for the synthesis of borate composites of magnesium and iron (Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆) at 1200°C. The as-synthesized composites can be a single material with the improved and collective properties of both iron borates (Fe₃BO₆) and magnesium borates (Mg₂B₂O₅). At higher temperatures, the synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composite is found thermally more stable than the single borates of both magnesium and iron. Similarly, the synthesized composites are found to prevent the growth of both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria on all the tested concentrations. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the synthesized composite increases with an increase in concentration and is more pronounced against S. aureus as compared to E. coli.

1. Introduction

Commercially available boron-based compounds, especially borates, are very important due to their ultimate uses in a wide range of potential applications [1]. Magnesium borates (like Mg₂B₂O₅) and iron (Fe-III) borates (like Fe₃BO₆) are the two well-known borates in the borate family.

Mg₂B₂O₅ is a magnesium borate with excellent thermal stability. Being thermodynamically stable, it has great potential to be used in making devices for working in a higher temperature environment. Besides, Mg₂B₂O₅ has a great tensile strength (mechanical properties) and excellent thermoluminescent properties. It is a remarkable functional material [2], with excellent anticorrosion and antiwear behavior [3, 4]. Mg₂B₂O₅ has potential applications as catalysts (for hydrocarbon conversion) and as a wide band gap semiconductor. It is used as reinforcing elements for aluminum/magnesium alloy matrix and plastics. Magnesium borates have the characteristics of thermoluminescent materials; therefore, Mg₂B₂O₅ can be used in fluorescent discharge lamps and X-ray screens [5].

Like Mg₂B₂O₅, Fe₃BO₆ (called Fe-III borates) is also a well-known borate in the iron borate family [6]. The main uses of these materials are found as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. These electrodes (made from Fe₃BO₆) are used as power sources in electric and hybrid vehicles. Similarly, Fe₃BO₆ is used in biological probes and gas sensors [7]. Besides, Fe₃BO₆ can be used to work as a weak ferromagnetic switch due to its unique spin reorientation [7].

Borate compounds have excellent biocompatibility and can, therefore, be used for a series of potential applications in different biomedical fields. Likewise, borates are environmentally friendly and have a lot of potential applications in modern technology [7, 8]. The combination of borates with different bioactive materials can offer great potential in their usage in biomedical applications to avert infections. Besides borates, boron-doped silver-copper alloy nanoparticles are also very effective in eradicating S. aureus infection from bone cells [9].

Both of these borates (Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆) from magnesium and iron families have excellent properties for different applications in the advanced technologies. As a result, different types of structures (both in bulk and nano) of the above borates have been reported by different researchers in the literature. These included nanowires, nanorods, and whiskers. Most of the nanostructures of Mg₂B₂O₅ have been obtained via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [10], solvothermal [11], catalyst-free method [12], and solid-state synthesis, respectively [5]. However, most of the reported techniques for Mg₂B₂O₅ synthesis were found to base on multisteps consisting of gas or liquid phase processes. At the same time, the yield was low and hence an economical method has been sought for the production of Mg₂B₂O₅ [5]. Likewise, different nanostructures of Fe₃BO₆ have also been reported by solid-state reaction [13], solution-phase reaction [14, 15], hydrothermal method, etc. [16]. Again, the overall reported techniques are not only difficult to follow, time-consuming, or lengthy but also reported to have some of the as-used precursors or their compounds in the final product as impurities.

Regardless of the pros and cons of the reported techniques, Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆ are synthesized in various sizes, shapes, or morphologies. Each of the borate synthesis techniques either talks about Mg₂B₂O₅ (or other magnesium borates) or Fe₃BO₆ (or other iron borates) in both bulk and nano for their potential applications in modern technology. However, none of the techniques so far have ever been developed to work on the synthesis of both the products as a composite. At the same time, if a technique is developed for the synthesis of borate composites (Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆), one has to make sure not only about the quality but also about the quantity of the final product. Quality and quantity are the two main parameters that need to be judged for any synthesized product to be used for its potential application. Along with the quality and quantity, the size and crystallinity of the materials also significantly change the properties to a great extent [17].

Here, we report a unique and facile technique for the synthesis of highly crystalline Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆ composites from carbon-free precursors in a growth duration of one hour at 1200°C in a graphite crucible. The as-synthesized crystalline composites of Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆ are sought to have excellent properties for their potential applications in the field of biomedical particularly in the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, these composites have successfully been used via the agar well diffusion method to test their antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.

2. Experimental Details

2.1. Synthesis Procedure

Highly crystalline Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites are synthesized from a powder mixture of boron (B), iron oxide (FeO), and magnesium oxide (MgO). All the precursors were of analytical grade with a high purity of 99.999%, purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich, USA. At first, one gram powder of boron is taken in a graphite crucible. Afterward, 0.5 gram Mg powder is added to the boron powder in the crucible and homogeneously stirred for a few minutes. Consequently, 0.5 gram of FeO is also added to the crucible and properly mixed with (the mixture of) boron and MgO. The top of the crucible (open-side) is carefully covered by its graphite cap. The covered (closed) crucible (with precursors) is then placed inside the furnace for heating up to 1200°C in the argon atmosphere (where it has been kept for one hour). Afterward, the set-up is slowly brought to room temperature. The synthesized sample is carefully collected from the furnace at room temperature and characterized by different characterization apparatuses to observe its composition, phase, structure, and morphology.

2.2. Antibacterial Assay

The agar well diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites, against both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria [18]. The overnight grown culture of E. coli and S. aureus was used to assess the antibacterial activity of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites. Bacterial suspensions of E. coli and S. aureus of CFU/ml concentration were inoculated on Muller-Hinton agar plates and spread uniformly via a sterile cotton swab. The same bacterial concentrations and culture medium were used for all experiments. Wells were made via a sterile polystyrene tip (4 mm). Different concentrations of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/ml) were freshly dissolved in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and added to separate wells. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition (ZOI) produced by Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ around each well. Antibiotic clindamycin phosphate was used as a positive control to compare the antibacterial activity of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆.

3. Results and Discussion

The mixture of boron, FeO, and MgO was found to be an effective precursor in the synthesis of high yield boron nitride nanotubes [19–21]. After being through the initial stages with the catalytic activity of Mg and Fe with the boron, the mixture finally reacts with ammonia at higher temperatures and results in the synthesis of BNNTs. The current work is somehow similar to the previous work regarding the choice of precursors and different with respect to the use of reactive gases and experimental setup. Unlike previous, the precursors are cap-closed in the crucible. To avoid any possible contamination (as the cap of the crucible is not sealed closed) from the surrounding, argon flow is maintained throughout the whole process. No reactive gas is used. Simply, the reactants are heated up to 1200°C and kept for one hour. The following chemical reaction occurs at higher temperatures:

As a result of these reactions, highly crystalline composites of Fe₃BO₆ and Mg₂B₂O₅ are formed at a higher temperature of 1200°C. Here, it is worth mentioning that boron has a high melting point. In the amorphous form, it melts at around 2300°C, whereas in the form of α-rhombohedral crystals, it melts at 2180°C [22]. Thus, based on the desires for the final product and choice of the reaction, some suitable catalysts are used to not only melt boron at an affordable temperature but also easily recovered it if not needed in the final product. Luckily, MgO and FeO have already been found to soften boron at relatively low temperatures [23]. Beside, Mg, Fe, and O are also needed as elemental contents in the required composites. Therefore, these two metal oxides are chosen to work both, initially as catalysts (soften boron to melt at a relatively lower temperature) and finally as reactants with boron to form Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites.

The synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites are characterized by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) to check their crystalline nature, composition, and phase. The resulted XRD pattern is displayed in Figure 1. There are several peaks in the displayed XRD pattern, which points toward the highly crystalline nature of the synthesized composites.

The peak position corresponds to the formation of different compounds in the sample. There are several peaks in the spectrum (at different 2-theta values) tagged in blue. These peaks according to the available literature correspond to (111), (211), (401), (202), (312), and (151) planes in Fe₃BO₆ [15, 24]. Similarly, there are several more peaks in the XRD pattern tagged in red. These red-tagged peaks in the XRD pattern stand for the planes (100), (110), (200), (220), and (021) in the synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅ sample according to the literature [3, 12, 25]. The existence of both the compounds (Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆) in the sample pointed toward the formation of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites. The formation of these composites is confirmed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM was needed not only to check the morphology or structure of the synthesized composites but also to observe whether both the compounds are parts of the same crystals or not.

Figure 2 shows the SEM micrograph of the synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites. The micrograph shows randomly aligned fine crystals of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites in different sizes and morphologies. None of the crystals looks identical in shape. According to the given scale in the micrograph, the sample contained crystals with a diameter in the range of 0.5–4 μm. Some of the crystals are sharp and seem like randomly broken pieces of ice. Agglomerated clots of crystals can also be seen in the sample near the left-hand bottom corner of the micrograph. A few round fiber-like crystals are also found in the middle of the micrograph indicated in a white circle. The magnified view of these crystals is shown in the inset in the upper right-hand corner. The magnified view clarifies the single body structure of the composites made from Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆. Some small agglomerated structures are also indicated in the sample via a white rectangle. These structures are magnified and shown as an inset on the upper left-hand corner of the micrograph. The inset shows that the agglomerated structures are small crystals aligned in a particular pattern. It gives a clue that all of the composites start the growth in an aligned format. The growth continues until the crystal is sufficiently big enough due to the utilization of all growth species. The unavailability of the growth species causes irregular growth at higher temperatures. As a result, the crystals cannot maintain their align format and broke from their regular pattern. Thus, the synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites are prepared in the shown irregular sizes and morphologies.

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) of the synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composite sample has been performed to verify its elemental compositions. The acquired EDX spectrum is displayed in Figure 3. The displayed spectrum has various lower and higher intensity peaks. All the reported peaks are tagged with B, O, Fe, Mg, Fe, and Fe, respectively. These tags correspond to the boron, oxygen, magnesium, and iron compositions of the synthesized sample. Their weight and atomic percentages are also given in the table below the EDX spectrum. These percentages are in good agreement with the stoichiometric calculation of the synthesized composites.

The Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites are further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze their composition and bonding. The obtained FTIR spectrum is shown in Figure 4. The spectrum shows two peaks at 1020 (cm^-1) and 1180 (cm^-1). These two peaks are linked to the asymmetric stretching of the BO₄ group in Mg₂B₂O₅ [26, 27]. The bands at 1380 (cm^-1) are strong absorption that stands for the asymmetric stretching of the BO₃ group. Likewise, the two small shoulder peaks found at 884 (cm^-1) and 949 (cm^-1) are weak absorptions due to BO₃ group vibration in Fe₃BO₆ [24]. Finally, the two very weak bands at 2257 (cm^-1) and 2358 (cm^-1) and one very strong peak at 3288 (cm^-1) are assigned to the stretching of O-H in hydrated borates [28, 29].

The thermal stability of the as-synthesized composites is checked in the thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. The TGA curve of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites is depicted in Figure 5. The TGA curve shows two regions of weight loss as a consequence of increasing temperature. The first weight loss is observed in the temperature range of room temperature to 200°C. This steep weight loss is attributed to the evaporation of surface water from the surface of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites. The second weight loss is recorded from 200 to 300°C temperature zone. This weight loss indicates the dissociation of metal precursors used during the synthesis of borates composites. Overall, only 25 weight loss is observed up to 300°C, which verifies the thermal stability of magnesium borates and iron borate composite. Such thermal stability of both the borates is in good agreement with the literature [30, 31]. Previously, for the uncalcined powder of Mg₂B₂O₅, a 42% of weight loss was recorded [4], which is quite higher than the one calculated for our synthesized composites. Likewise, the total mass loss of the synthesized composites is far less than that observed for Fe₃BO₆ [7]. Thus, the as-synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composites are thermally more stable than the individual borates of iron and magnesium.

Materials have always been the main focus of researchers for different biomedical and biological applications such as antibacterial activities. In this regard, it is worth mentioning to apprise some of the excellent work done on Ag-NPs, ZnS nanoparticles, and tin-doped ZnO nanoparticles for antibacterial activities by different research groups [32–35].

Similarly, the current work is also an effort to observe the enhanced antibacterial activities of the synthesized Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composite.

The data obtained from the antibacterial analysis of the synthesized composite showed that Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ inhibited the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b). The antibacterial effect of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ was observed against both S. aureus and E. coli on all the tested doses and found to increase with an increase in Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ composite concentration as shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b). Against E. coli, the highest zone of inhibition diameter (11.8 mm) was recorded at 100 mg/ml concentration, whereas the smallest zone of inhibition diameter (8.8 mm) was observed at 20 mg/ml concentration. This can easily be seen and observed via a bar graph shown in Figure 7. Similarly, S. aureus showed the highest value of zone of inhibition (15.8 mm) at 100 mg/ml and the smallest zone of inhibition (12.6 mm) at 20 mg/ml (as shown in Figure 8).

(a)

(b)

The results showed that the inhibitory effect of composites was more pronounced against S. aureus than E. coli and found to form a greater zone of inhibition on all the tested doses. This is attributed to the differences in structure between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall, whereas gram-negative bacteria usually have a thin cell wall surrounded by an extra membrane.

4. Conclusions

Borates have excellent properties for different biological and biomedical applications including the antibacterial activity. Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆ are the two well-known magnesium and iron borates synthesized and tested for its potential applications. In view of the excellent properties of the individual borates, composites of Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆ were synthesized via a simple and easy to follow technique. The synthesized material composites of Mg₂B₂O₅ and Fe₃BO₆ were found to have far better thermal stability than their primary compounds. The data obtained from the antibacterial study showed that the as-synthesized composites of Mg₂B₂O₅-Fe₃BO₆ inhibited the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The inhibitory effect of composites was more pronounced against S. aureus as compared to E. coli and form a greater zone of inhibition on all the tested doses. This work also revealed a potential role of boron-based composites in the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and can therefore be used to control microbial infections.

Data Availability

All the data is available within the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) for providing funds for our research work under the National Research Program for Universities (NRPU) project No. 10928. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through General Research Project under grant number G.R.P/67/43.

References

G. Wang, Q. Xue, X. She, and J. Wang, “Carbothermal reduction of boron-bearing iron concentrate and melting separation of the reduced pellet,” ISIJ International, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 751–757, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Salama and H. Soliman, “Thermoluminescence glow curve deconvolution and trapping parameters determination of dysprosium doped magnesium borate glass,” Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 148, pp. 95–99, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Ağaoğullari, Ö. Balci, H. Gökçe, İ. Duman, and M. L. Öveçoğlu, “Synthesis of magnesium borates by mechanically activated annealing,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 2520–2533, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Qasrawi, T. Kayed, A. Mergen, and M. Gürü, “Synthesis and characterization of Mg₂B₂O₅,” Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 583–589, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Li, X. Fang, J. Leng, H. Shen, Y. Fan, and D. Xu, “A new route for the synthesis of Mg₂B₂O₅ nanorods by mechano-chemical and sintering process,” Materials Letters, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 151–153, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Diehl and G. Brandt, “Refinement of the crystal structure of Fe3BO6,” Chemistry, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1662–1665, 1975.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Ram, K. Kumari, and R. K. Kotnala, “Synthesis of norbergite Fe₃BO₆ of single crystallites from a borate glass,” Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 165–170, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. D. Lloyd, Borates and their biological applications, IRG Secretariat, Stockholm Sweden, 1998.
T. Abdulrehman, S. Qadri, S. Skariah et al., “Boron doped silver-copper alloy nanoparticle targeting intracellular S. aureus in bone cells,” PLoS One, vol. 15, no. 4, article e0231276, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, Z. Fan, J. G. Lu, and R. P. Chang, “Synthesis of magnesium borate (Mg₂B₂O₅) nanowires by chemical vapor deposition method,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 16, no. 13, pp. 2512–2514, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Xu, T. Li, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X. Liu, and J. Zhao, “New synthetic route and characterization of magnesium borate nanorods,” Crystal Growth and Design, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1218–1222, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Tao and X. Li, “Catalyst-free synthesis, structural, and mechanical characterization of twinned Mg₂B₂O₅ nanowires,” Nano Letters, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 505–510, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Kumari, S. Ram, and R. Kotnala, “Effect of temperature on magnetic and impedance properties of Fe₃BO₆ of nanotubular structure with a bonded B₂O₃ surface layer,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 123, no. 9, article 094101, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Liu, S. Peng, Y. Ding et al., “Synthesis and characterization of ferroferriborate (Fe₃BO₅) nanorods,” Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 19, no. 19, pp. 3146–3150, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Kumari, S. Ram, and R. Kotnala, “Self-controlled growth of Fe₃BO₆ crystallites in shape of nanorods from iron-borate glass of small templates,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 129, no. 3, pp. 1020–1026, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Qi and Q. Chen, “Preparation of plywood-like Fe₃BO₅ nanorods by a facile hydrothermal method at low temperature,” Chemistry Letters, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 752-753, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Ahmad, M. U. Khandaker, Z. R. Khan, and Y. M. Amin, “Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes via chemical vapour deposition: a comprehensive review,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 44, pp. 35116–35137, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Valgas, S. M. Souza, E. F. Smânia, and A. Smânia Jr., “Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products,” Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 369–380, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Ahmad, M. U. Khandaker, and Y. M. Amin, “Synthesis of highly crystalline multilayers structures of ¹⁰BNNTs as a potential neutron sensing element,” Ceramics International, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 4544–4548, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Ahmad, M. U. Khandaker, Y. M. Amin et al., “Catalytic growth of vertically aligned neutron sensitive 10Boron nitride nanotubes,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 25, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Zhi, Y. Bando, C. Tan, and D. Golberg, “Effective precursor for high yield synthesis of pure BN nanotubes,” Solid State Communications, vol. 135, no. 1-2, pp. 67–70, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Horzum, Synthesis and Characterization of MgB 2 Superconducting Wires, Doctoral dissertation, Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey, 2008.
C. H. Lee, J. S. Wang, V. K. Kayatsha, J. Y. Huang, and Y. K. Yap, “Effective growth of boron nitride nanotubes by thermal chemical vapor deposition,” Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 45, p. 455605, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Kumari, “Phase analysis, FTIR/Raman, and optical properties of Fe₃BO₆ nanocrystallites prepared by glass route at moderate temperature in ambient air,” Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1173, pp. 417–421, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhang, G. Li, J. You et al., “Extraction of boron from ludwigite ore: mechanism of soda-ash roasting of lizardite and szaibelyite,” Minerals, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 533, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Marincea, “Ludwigite from the type locality, Ocna de Fier, Romania; new data and review,” The Canadian Mineralogist, vol. 37, pp. 1343–1362, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Yildirim, A. S. Kipcak, and E. M. Derun, “Sonochemical-assisted magnesium borate synthesis from different boron sources,” Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, vol. 19, pp. 81–88, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Jun, X. Shuping, and G. Shiyang, “FT-IR and Raman spectroscopic study of hydrated borates,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 519–532, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Zhu, Q. Zhang, L. Xiang, and S. Zhu, “Green co-precipitation byproduct-assisted thermal conversion route to submicron Mg₂B₂O₅ whiskers,” CrystEngComm, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1654–1663, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Tran, K. Tieu, S. Wan et al., “Understanding the tribological impacts of alkali element on lubrication of binary borate melt,” RSC Advances, vol. 8, no. 51, pp. 28847–28860, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Bagherabadi, R. Naghizadeh, H. Rezaie, and M. Fallah Vostakola, “Synthesis of dehydrated magnesium borate powders and the effect on the properties of MgO-C refractories,” Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, vol. 19, pp. 218–223, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Kumar, T. W. Kang, S. J. Lee et al., “Correlation of antibacterial and time resolved photoluminescence studies using bio-reduced silver nanoparticles conjugated with fluorescent quantum dots as a biomarker,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 6977–6983, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kumar, S. Taneja, S. Banyal et al., “Bio-synthesised silver nanoparticle-conjugated l-cysteine ceiled Mn: ZnS quantum dots for eco-friendly biosensor and antimicrobial applications,” Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 3986–3995, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kumar, A. Jain, S. Panwar et al., “Effect of silica on the ZnS nanoparticles for stable and sustainable antibacterial application,” International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 531–540, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kumar, H. Bhatti, K. Singh et al., “Effect of glutathione capping on the antibacterial activity of tin doped ZnO nanoparticles,” Physica Scripta, vol. 96, no. 12, article 125807, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Pervaiz Ahmad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

359

Downloads

524

Citations