Frequent Eating Out and 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Evidence from a Community Observatory in Malaysia
Table 4
Regression analysis of Framingham point scores ().
Variables
Model 1
Model 2
Regression coefficient (95% CI)
S.E.
Regression coefficient (95% CI)
S.E.
Gender
Male
REF
REF
Female
-1.456 (-1.636, -1.277)
0.092
-1.442 (-1.622, -1.263)
0.092
Ethnicity
Malay
REF
REF
Chinese
-0.765 (-0.918, -0.613)
0.078
-0.859 (-1.015, -0.702)
0.080
Indian
-0.251 (-0.471, -0.031)
0.112
-0.245 (-0.466, -0.025)
0.113
Aborigine
1.797 (1.183, 2.410)
0.313
1.696 (1.077, 2.315)
0.316
Others
-0.042 (-0.460, 0.677)
0.367
-0.118 (-0.836, 0.600)
0.366
Marital status
Never married
REF
REF
Married
0.191 (-0.120, 0.501)
0.159
0.230 (-0.082, 0.541)
0.159
Separated/divorced
-0.035 (-0.574, 0.503)
0.275
0.001 (-0.537, 0.539)
0.274
Widowed/widower
0.831 (0.456, 1.207)
0.192
0.849 (0.473, 1.224)
0.191
Others
-0.725 (-1.796, 0.346)
0.546
-0.606 (-1.677, 0.464)
0.546
Education
No formal education
REF
REF
Primary/secondary
-0.875 (-1.249, -0.501)
0.191
-0.844 (-1.219, -0.469)
0.191
Tertiary
-1.088 (-1.572, -0.603)
0.247
-1.012(-1.497, -0.527)
0.247
Others
-0.714 (-1.220, -0.207)
0.258
-0.661 (-1.167, -0.155)
0.258
Monthly income†
Below RM1000
REF
REF
RM1000–RM1999
-0.294 (-0.458, -0.130)
0.084
-0.322 (-0.487, -0.157)
0.084
RM2000–RM2999
-0.615 (-0.841, -0.389)
0.115
-0.664 (-0.892, -0.436)
0.116
RM3000 and above
-0.695 (-0.941, -0.450)
0.125
-0.796 (-1.047, -0.544)
0.128
Occupation
Paid employee
REF
REF
Self-employed
0.218 (0.017, 0.418)
0.102
0.245(0.044, 0.446)
0.103
Homemaker
0.459 (0.245, 0.672)
0.109
0.479 (0.265, 0.692)
0.109
Not working
0.757 (0.499, 1.016)
0.132
0.790 (0.532, 1.048)
0.132
Others
0.455 (0.169, 0.742)
0.146
0.472 (0.186, 0.759)
0.146
Frequency of meals taken outside per week
11 meals and above
REF
6–10 meals
-0.176 (-0.435, 0.083)
0.132
1–5 meals
-0.574 (-0.781, 0.367)
0.105
0 meal
-0.342 (-0.560, -0.124)
0.111
Level of total physical activity
High
REF
Moderate
0.017 (-0.361, 0.396)
0.193
Low
-0.272 (-0.547, 0.003)
0.140
Constant
4.595 (4.070, 5.121)
0.268
5.167 (4.559, 5.775)
0.310
Observations
11,653
11,637
Adjusted -squared
0.614
0.616
Notes: Abbreviation: Reference: REF; -test significance: ,, and ; values in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals; †USD $1 is equivalent to RM3.00 (13 May 2013).
