(i) Observed 430 incident cases of LC () in participants without PTB and 148 cases in those with PTB () after a median follow-up of 7.7 y (370617 person/year) in COPD group (ii) The risk of LC was significantly higher in COPD patients with PTB in comparison to COPD patients without PTB ( (1.03, 1.50)) (iii) The non-COPD group had 437 and 98 incident LC cases in participants without and with PTB, respectively ( vs. 241/100000 person/year). The incidence risk of LC in non-COPD patients with and without PTB was not different ( (0.78, 1.22)) (iv) The association of PTB history and LC development was more evident in never smokers with COPD ( (1.04, 1.95)). In contrast, among participants without COPD, the incidence risk was null ( (0.89, 1.44)) (v) Found null associations among PTB, smoking status, and COPD ()
(i) Latent TB was detected in 16 (25%) patients, while 48 (75%) had negative results of the QFT-GIT test (ii) Age and sex were not associated with LTB ( and 0.14, respectively), but a current smoker was associated with a higher prevalence of LTB () (iii) Medical comorbidities, tumor site, and histopathology were not associated with latent TB
(i) The risk of secondary LC was 1.671 times greater in the TB cohort than in the non-TB cohort ( (1.525, 1.832)) (ii) Compared with the local hospital, the risk of secondary LC was higher in the medical center ( (1.93, 2.82)) and in the regional hospital ( (1.44, 2.07)) (iii) The 1-, 5-, 11-, and 15-year actuarial rates of secondary LC were 6.89%, 10.42%, 10.96%, and 10.97% in the TB cohort and 4.27%, 8.18%, 9.05%, and 9.10% in the non-TB cohort, respectively
PTB: sputum microscopy with or without culture LC: CT scan
a, b, c, and d
(i) The IRR in the pulmonary TB group was 12.26 within 1 year and 3.33 at 1–3.9 years after TB infection, compared to the control group (ii) There was an increased risk for LC in pulmonary TB patients compared to controls ( (3.15, 5.56)) (iii) Compared to years of age, the risks for LC were HR 9.85, 7.1, 3.32, and 2.57 in patients aged 50–59, 60–69, and ≥70 years, respectively (iv) The risk for LC was higher in men than in women ( (1.60, 3.46)) and in current smokers than in never smokers ( (1.43, 2.78))
(i) The BCTB IR was 577 and 37/100,000 person-years in cancer patients and controls, respectively (ii) The IRR of BCTB was 14.30 (all cancer cases) and 50.35 (iii) The LC IRR for the development of all TB and BCTB compared to the control cohort 1 (C1) was (37.06, 49.54) and (42.22, 60.06)], respectively, and to control cohort 2 (C2) was (34.84, 43.54)
(i) , cases per 100,000 cancer patients per year (ii) Compared to thyroid cancer, TB infection was more associated with LC without histopathological confirmation (aIRR = 6.22 (2.57–15.04))
(i) The overall relative risk of LC for patients with old PTB was (3.17, 10.12) compared to the control group (ii) The RRs of LC in men and women with old PTB were 5.28 (2.65,10.50) and 4.06 (1.19, 13.89) compared to the control group (iii) For under 60 years aged patient, RR was 2.19 (0.53, 9.12) and for over 60 years aged patient 5.51 (3.03, 10.01) (iv) RR of LC for never smokers, ex-smokers, and current smokers with old PTB was 4.82 (1.60, 14.56), 3.56 (1.13, 11.16) and 7.10 (2.94, 17.13) (v) The RR of people with old PTB for squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and other types of LC was 3.39 (0.95, 12.05), 4.32 (1.77, 10.58), and 13.07 (4.96, 34.50) (vi) The aHR was 3.24 (1.87, 5.62) compared to controls. For never smokers and current smokers, the aHRs of LC were 3.52 (1.17, 10.63) and 3.71 (1.49, 9.22) and for ex-smokers was 2.16 (0.89, 5.24) compared to controls
TB: bacteriological or histological confirmation via microscopy LC: CT scan, PET-CT scan
a, b, c, e, f, o, and p
(i) Compared with the general population, the SIR of LC among TB patients was 3.83 (3.49, 4.19). We observed statistically significantly increased risks in both smokers ( (4.04, 4.96)) and nonsmokers ( (1.56, 2.36)) (ii) The risk of LC increased with age ( (3.53,11.44) and (7.89, 25.66) for 45-55 and ≥55 y compared to ≤45 y, respectively) and was higher in smokers ( (2.47, 7.89)) then nonsmoker, and in respiratory TB ( (0.86, 4.11)) and then nonrespiratory TB
(i) The presence of underlying TB was significantly associated with increased risk for LC incidence ( (1.29, 1.45)) in men and ( (1.28, 1.74)) in women and mortality ( (1.34, 1.52)) in men and ( (1.28, 1.83)) in women in comparison with without TB participants (ii) Similarly, ex-smoker and current smoker had higher incidence and mortality risk for increased LC in comparison with never smoker
TB: ICD-9-CM codes 010–012 and 137.0 LC: ICD-9-CM code 162 or ICD 10 codes C34.0, C34.1, C34.2, C34.3, C34.8, and C34.9
a, b, c, d, g, and r
(i) In men and women, the aHR of SqCC were 1.37 (1.21, 1.54) and 2.10 (1.36, 3.23), respectively, for TB (ii) The aHR of adenocarcinoma and small-cell carcinoma was 1.33 (1.19, 1.50) and 1.86 (1.57–2.19) and 1.24 (1.01, 1.52) and 2.23 (1.17, 4.25), respectively, for TB (iii) A significantly high incidence of LC in male patients with TB ( (1.26, 1.44)) was observed (iv) The risk of LC was high in female patients with TB ( (1.73–2.24)) (v) Found increased risk for histological types of LC depending on increased age of participants with TB
TB: ICD-9-CM: 010–012, 137.0 SqCC: ICD-9-CM 162 or ICD 10, C34.0, C34.1, C34.2, C34.3, C34.8, and C34.9
N/A
(i) For all cause-mortality, HR was 1.14 (1.00, 1.31) for individuals with TB (ii) TB increased risk for mortality in patients with SqCC with rate ratio of 1.21 (1.20, 1.22)
(i) All-time (median follow-up 8.5 years) SIR for LC was 3.40 (3.09, 3.74) (ii) The 3-month SIR for LC was 40.9 (34.0, 49.0), and 0-1-year SIR was 16.87 (14.50, 19.51) (iii) A 2.24-fold (1.88, 2.64) increased risk beyond 5 years for LC following respiratory TB
(i) Independent factors associated with LTB in LC patients included COPD ((1.25, 4.64)), main tumor located in typical TB areas ( (1.15, 3.55)), and fibro calcified lesions on chest radiogram ( (1.45, 5.11)) (ii) The proportion of concomitant LTB when LC diagnosis was significantly higher in patients who developed active TB than those without during the follow-up period ( (1.02, 83.99))
(i) The aRR of PTB history of current smokers in LC was 1.85 (1.08, 3.19) (ii) The aRRs of past medical history of PTB in occurring LC for smoker who smoke for >31 years ( (1.06, 3.79)) and who cigarette per day ( (1.09, 3.83))
(i) The median survival of SqCC patients with TB was significantly shorter than that of patients without TB (1.7 vs. 3.4 years, ) (ii) The presence of an old PTB lesion is an independent predictor of poor survival with an HR of 1.72 (1.12, 2.64) in the subgroup of SqCC patients studied
TB: Acid-fast smear and positive culture for TB, CXR (ICD-9-CM code 010.x to 018. x.) LC: CXR, CT scan
N/A
(i) The SIRs for LC among patients with TB diagnosis were 4.09 (3.48, 4.78) for total, 4.09 (3.42, 4.84) for male, and 4.13 (2.67, 6.10) for female (ii) The SIRs for LC stratified by time after TB diagnosis were 12.39 (9.90, 15.33) at <1 y, 2.21 (1.57, 3.02) at 1-5 y, and 1.21 (0.58, 2.23) at >5 y for male. Similarly, 17.24 (10.67, 26.36) at <1 y, 0.95 (0.20, 2.77) at 1-5 y, and 0.60 (0.02, 3.34) at >5 y for female
(i) The crude HR of history of TB shows a 1.75-fold increased risk (1.0, 3.1), and the aHR of history of TB shows a 2.36-fold increased risk (1.1, 4.9) with a mean difference of 311 days (ii) The cumulative survival rate of LC patients without TB was higher in comparison to LC patients with TB throughout the follow-up period
(i) TB was associated with a 2-fold elevation in risk of LC ( (1.46, 2.65)) (ii) The LC risk was greatest in the two-year window after TB diagnosis ( (2.96–8.48)) but continued to be elevated at longer latencies, with a 50% increased risk of LC in the overall period two or more years after TB diagnosis ( (1.07–2.20)) (iii) Both incident and prevalent TB were found to be associated with LC risk ( (1.42, 2.96) and (1.09, 3.02), respectively) (iv) The risk of LC 0–1.9 years, 2–9.9 years, and 2+ and 10+ years after TB diagnosis was ,,, and
(i) A crude IRR for active TB 1.68 (1.42, 1.98) and the aHR was 1.67 (1.42, 1.96) (ii) The average interval from diagnosis of LC to diagnosis of active TB was 748 days (644, 852)
TB: ICD-9-CM (code (010-012, 018) or A code (A020, A021) LC: ICD-9-CM code (162) or A code (A101)
a, b
(i) The IRR of LC was significantly higher in the PTB patients than that in controls ( (1.33-2.32)) (ii) Compared with the controls, the IRRs of LC in the TB cohort were 1.98 at 2 to 4 years, 1.42 at 5 to 7 years, and 1.59 at 8 to 12 years after TB infections (iii) PTB infections ( (1.24-2.15)) and COPD ( (1.03-1.14)) to be independent risk factors for LC
TB: ICD-9-CM of 011 and A-code of A020 LC: ICD-9-CM of 162 and A-code of A101
a, b, h, and ab
(i) The incidence of LC was approximately 11-fold higher in the cohort of patients with TB than non-TB subjects (26.3 versus 2.41 per 10,000 person-years) (ii) An HR of 4.37 (3.56, 5.36) for the TB cohort after adjustment for the sociodemographic variables or 3.32 (2.70, 4.09) after further adjustment for COPD, smoking-related cancers (other than LC), etc. (iii) The HR increased to 6.22 (4.87, 7.94) with the combined effect with COPD or to 15.5 (2.17, 110) with the combined effect with other smoking-related cancers
Ref.: reference; n: number of study participants; y: follow-up time in year; TB: tuberculosis; LC: lung cancer; QFT-GIT: QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube; CXR: chest X-ray; aIRR: adjusted incidence rate ratio; aSIR: adjusted standardized incidence rate; aHR: adjusted hazard ratio; aRR: adjusted relative risk; aOR: adjusted odd ratio; BCTB: bacteriologically confirmed TB; CDTB: clinically diagnosed TB; PTB: pulmonary TB; LTB: latent TB; SqCC: squamous cell carcinoma; N/A: not available. aAge; bsex/gender; csmoking/; dmonthly income/household income; ealcohol consumption; feducation; gurbanization level; hmedical comorbidities; ihospital level; jtime since arrival in BC; khigh-risk medical comorbidities and TB incidence in country of origin; lcancer type/histological subtype; mBMI; nphysical activity; oemployment; pfamily status; qpreexisting TB; rgeographical area; sintake of coffee and tomatoes; ttumor stage; usurgical approach; vlanguage spoken; whousing situation; xpublic means-tested financial assistance status; ychronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or asthma; zfamily history of malignancy among never smokers and ever smokers; aasmoking pack per year; aboccupation; acpassive smoking; adimmigration classification; aemarital status; afdisease stage; agthe Charlson comorbidity index. Note: all values of HR, RR, IRR, SIR, and OR were presented as 95% confidential interval (lower and upper).
