The Beneficial Effects of Probiotics via Autophagy: A Systematic Review

Table 2

The effects of probiotics on different tissues in animal models via autophagy.

Probiotics	Tissue/disease	Outcomes	References
Bifidobacterium breve	Intestine	Probiotics modify protein degradation programs within the intestinal epithelial cells to promote their survival during stress.	[26]
Bacillus	Intestine	Probiotics improved growth performance via increasing intestinal autophagy.	[36]
Lactobacillus	Intestinal injury gastroenteritis	Probiotics reduced autophagy marker expression to normal levels and partially prevented virus-induced tissue damage.	[11]
L. plantarum, B. and S. cerevisiae	Intestine	Probiotic feeding improved the growth, immune function, and intestinal health in weaned piglets.	[37]
Bacillus (SC06 or SC080	Intestine	Bacillus SC06 alleviated oxidative stress-induced disorders and apoptosis via p38-mediated autophagy.	[28]
Lactobacillus	Intestine	Probiotics supplementation protected LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via attenuating apoptosis and autophagy via mTOR signaling pathway.	[35]
B. dentium	Intestine	Probiotics enhanced the intestinal mucus layer and goblet cell function via upregulation of gene expression and autophagy signaling pathways.	[27]
LAB	Intestine	Probiotics caused anti-infection and anti-inflammation via inducing autophagy.	[30]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium adolescentis	Cardiac tissue	Oral administration of probiotics provided cardiac protection via regulation of fibrosis and autophagy.	[40]
SLAB51	Alzheimer disease	Prebiotic treatment by activating autophagy decreased the brain damage and cognitive decline in Alzheimeric mice.	[46]
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the intestinal microbiota	Kidney	SCFAs improved the renal dysfunction caused by injury. This protection was partially associated with an increase in autophagy.	[51]
ZJ617	Liver	ZJ617s exerted beneficial effects on the mouse liver through suppression of hepatic TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB activation and autophagy.	[55]
Golden bifid	Placenta	Oral supplementation with golden bifid induced placental protection via reducing the autophagy-related protein Beclin1.	[38]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Zebrafish	Parental Lactobacillus rhamnosus administration can modulate important physiological processes involved in zebrafish embryo development.	[19]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Ovarian follicles	Probiotics modulated the balance between apoptosis and autophagy and improved the follicular survival.	[39]
Lactobacillus salivarius AR809	Pharyngeal epithelium	AR809 prevents S. aureus-induced pharyngeal inflammatory response, possibly by regulating mTOR signaling pathway-related autophagy.	[56]

SLAB51: a formulation made of nine live bacterial strains [Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacteria (B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis), Lactobacillus (L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. brevis)]; LAB: lactic acid bacteria; ZJ617: Lactobacillus reuteri.