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Probiotics | Tissue/disease | Outcomes | References |
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Bifidobacterium breve | Intestine | Probiotics modify protein degradation programs within the intestinal epithelial cells to promote their survival during stress. | [26] |
Bacillus | Intestine | Probiotics improved growth performance via increasing intestinal autophagy. | [36] |
Lactobacillus | Intestinal injury gastroenteritis | Probiotics reduced autophagy marker expression to normal levels and partially prevented virus-induced tissue damage. | [11] |
L. plantarum, B. and S. cerevisiae | Intestine | Probiotic feeding improved the growth, immune function, and intestinal health in weaned piglets. | [37] |
Bacillus (SC06 or SC080 | Intestine | Bacillus SC06 alleviated oxidative stress-induced disorders and apoptosis via p38-mediated autophagy. | [28] |
Lactobacillus | Intestine | Probiotics supplementation protected LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via attenuating apoptosis and autophagy via mTOR signaling pathway. | [35] |
B. dentium | Intestine | Probiotics enhanced the intestinal mucus layer and goblet cell function via upregulation of gene expression and autophagy signaling pathways. | [27] |
LAB | Intestine | Probiotics caused anti-infection and anti-inflammation via inducing autophagy. | [30] |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Cardiac tissue | Oral administration of probiotics provided cardiac protection via regulation of fibrosis and autophagy. | [40] |
SLAB51 | Alzheimer disease | Prebiotic treatment by activating autophagy decreased the brain damage and cognitive decline in Alzheimeric mice. | [46] |
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the intestinal microbiota | Kidney | SCFAs improved the renal dysfunction caused by injury. This protection was partially associated with an increase in autophagy. | [51] |
ZJ617 | Liver | ZJ617s exerted beneficial effects on the mouse liver through suppression of hepatic TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB activation and autophagy. | [55] |
Golden bifid | Placenta | Oral supplementation with golden bifid induced placental protection via reducing the autophagy-related protein Beclin1. | [38] |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Zebrafish | Parental Lactobacillus rhamnosus administration can modulate important physiological processes involved in zebrafish embryo development. | [19] |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Ovarian follicles | Probiotics modulated the balance between apoptosis and autophagy and improved the follicular survival. | [39] |
Lactobacillus salivarius AR809 | Pharyngeal epithelium | AR809 prevents S. aureus-induced pharyngeal inflammatory response, possibly by regulating mTOR signaling pathway-related autophagy. | [56] |
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