The Beneficial Effects of Probiotics via Autophagy: A Systematic Review

Table 1

The effects of probiotics through induction of autophagy in vitro.

Probiotics	Cell lines	Outcomes	References
Bifidobacterium breve; Lactobacillus plantarum; Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG)	Human intestinal epithelial cells	Probiotics induce autophagy in gut epithelial cells that have beneficial clinical effects attributed to a healthy enteric	[25]
Bifidobacteria	Rat intestinal epithelial cell line	Probiotics stimulated an autophagy response in IEC, thereby maintaining balanced crosstalk with intestinal epithelia	[35]
Bifidobacterium breve	Mice intestinal epithelial cells	Probiotics increase expression of the autophagy proteins and promote their survival during stress	[26]
Bifidobacteria	Rat intestinal epithelial cell line	Probiotic treatment through inhibiting LPS-induced autophagy provides enteroprotection and maintains gut homeostasis	[29]
B. dentium	Mice intestinal cells	Probiotics via upregulation of gene expression and autophagy signaling pathways, net increased production	[27]
Bacillus SC06 or SC08	Rat intestinal epithelial cell line	Attenuates oxidative stress-induced intestinal injury via p38-mediated autophagy	[28]
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)	Mice intestinal epithelial cells	LAB exert anti-infection and anti-inflammation effects through inducing autophagy	[30]
LAB	Human colon cancer cells	Probiotic treatment exert antitumourigenic via the activation of autophagic cell death in cancer cells	[12]
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06	Murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7	Probiotics-mediated autophagy, prevent bacterial infection in intestine	[31]
Lactobacillus brevis BGZLS10-17	MLNC	The immunoregulatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis BGZLS10-17 via ATG5-dependent autophagy in MLNC	[32]
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)	HMDMs	LAB enhance the autophagic ability of mononuclear phagocytes in response to Mtb antigen	[33]
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria	BMCD from autophagy protein-deficient mice	Probiotics via autophagy induce immune-regulatory responses	[34]

BMCD: bone marrow cell derived; HMDMs: human monocyte-derived macrophages; MLNC: mesenteric lymph node cells.