Determinants of Risk Factors for Renal Impairment among HIV-Infected Patients Treated with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate-Based Antiretroviral Regimen in Southern Vietnam

Table 3

Predictors for renal impairment (KDIGO 2012) among HIV-infected patients in Soc Trang, Vietnam, with univariate and multivariate models.

Variables	Renal impairment % for each category				Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
	N	N	%		PR (95% CI)	aPR (95% CI)
Sex
Female	194	16	8.3	0.860	Ref
Male	206	18	8.7		1.06 (0.54–2.08)
Age group
20–29	38	1	2.6	<0.001	Ref	Ref
30–39	181	7	3.9		1.47 (0.18–11.94)	1.35 (0.16–11.01)
40–49	127	6	4.7		1.79 (0.22–14.91)	2.06 (0.14–17.14)
50–59	43	11	25.6		9.72 (1.25–75.29)^¥	7.72 (0.99–60.14)
≥60	11	9	81.8		31.09 (3.94–245.40)^§	26.75 (3.38–211.62)^¥
HIV transmission
Drug addition	30	2	6.7	0.510	Ref
Sexuality	358	32	8.9		1.34 (0.32–5.59)
Mother to child	12	0	0.0		—
BMI
<18.5	85	18	21.2	<0.001	Ref	Ref
18.5–25	268	15	5.6		0.26 (0.13–0.75)^¥	0.31 (0.15–0.62)^¥
>25	47	1	2.1		0.13 (1.33–0.52)^¥	0.19 (0.02–1.48)
WHO stage (current)
Stage 1	393	29	7.4	<0.001	Ref	Ref
Stage 2	3	2	66.7		9.03 (2.15–37.86)^§	1.88 (0.24–14.94)
Stage 3	2	2	100.0		13.55 (3.23–56.79)^§	1.67 (0.20–14.12)
Stage 4	2	1	50.0		6.77 (0.92–49.74)	2.40 (0.24–24.09)
Tested time for HIV positive (years)
<5	87	9	10.3	0.840	Ref
5–10	266	21	7.9		1.31 (0.60–2.86)
11–15	44	4	9.1		1.15 (0.40–3.35)
>15	3	0	0.0		—
Treatment time
3–5	168	14	8.3	0.980	Ref
6–10	199	17	8.5		1.02 (0.50–2.08)
>10	33	3	9.1		1.09 (0.31–3.79)
Preexposure to cotrimoxazole
No	26	3	11.5	0.560	Ref
Yes	374	31	8.3		0.72 (0.22–2.34)
Preexposure to isoniazid
No	21	5	23.8	0.010	Ref	Ref
Yes	379	29	7.7		0.32 (0.12–0.83)^¥	0.35 (0.14–0.91)^¥
Viral load (<20 copies/ml)
Yes	374	31	8.3	0.560	Ref
No	26	3	11.5		0.72 (0.22–2.35)
Baseline CD4 count (cells/mm^3)
>500 CD4 count	193	15	7.8	0.002	Ref	Ref
350–499 CD4 count	102	3	2.9		0.38 (0.11–1.31)	1.93 (0.43–8.73)
200–349 CD4 count	82	10	12.2		1.57 (0.70–3.49)	0.61 (0.10–3.71)
<200 CD4 count	23	6	26.1		3.35 (1.30–8.65)^¥	1.20 (0.28–5.20)
AST (>37 U/L)
No	262	19	7.3	0.210	Ref
Yes	138	15	10.9		1.50 (0.76–2.94)
ALT (>40 U/L)
No	260	25	9.6	0.270	Ref
Yes	140	9	6.4		0.67 (0.31–1.43)
AST (>37 U/L) and ALT (>40 U/L)
No	295	27	9.2	0.430	Ref
Yes	105	7	6.7		0.73 (0.31–1.67)
Hemoglobin (>16 g/L)
No	377	33	8.8	0.460	Ref
Yes	23	1	4.4		0.49 (0.68–3.36)
Hemoglobin (<12 g/L)
No	340	29	8.5	0.960	Ref
Yes	60	5	8.3		0.97 (0.38–2.52)
WHO stage (started treatment)
Stage 1	69	1	1.5	0.130	Ref
Stage 2	44	5	11.4		7.84 (0.92–67.11)
Stage 3	200	19	9.5		6.55 (0.87–48.96)
Stage 4	87	9	10.3		7.14 (0.90–56.34)
Hepatitis B
No	361	32	8.9	0.427	Ref
Yes	39	2	5.1		1.58 (0.14–2.41)
Hepatitis C
No	371	32	8.6	0.750	Ref
Yes	29	2	6.9		0.80 (0.19–3.33)

^¥<0.05. ^§<0.001. aPR: adjusted prevalence ratio.