Restricted Water Intake and Hydration with Fructose-Containing Beverages during Infancy Predispose to Aggravate an Acute Renal Ischemic Insult in Adolescent Rats

Figure 1

Various parameters at the end of the 6 wks of follow-up evaluated preacute kidney injury (AKI) by ischemia/reperfusion: (a) urinary osmolality; (b) plasma copeptin; (c) creatinine clearance (CrCl); (d) nitrate/nitrite concentration (NO₂/NO₃) in plasma; (e) nitrate/nitrite concentration (NO₂/NO₃) in urine; (f) fructokinase (KHK) renal cortex expression; (g) angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 renal cortex expression; (h) angiotensin II renal cortex expression; (i) angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1-R) renal cortex expression; (j) kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) renal cortex expression; (k) neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) renal cortex expression; (l) lipid peroxidation measured in renal cortex homogenates. C: control; +W: increased water intake; +SB: sweetened beverage (SB) ad libitum; -W: fluid restriction plus hydration with tap water; -SB: fluid restriction plus hydration with SB. ; ; .

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