Mesenchymal Stem Cells Activate the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway and Enhance DNA Methylation via DNMT1 in PBMC from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Xiong, Hui; Guo, Zhixuan; Tang, Zengqi; Ai, Xuechen; Qi, Qing; Liu, Xiuting; Huang, Danqi; Li, Zhaofeng; Ji, Suyun; Guo, Qing

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4174082

BioMed Research International

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 4174082 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4174082

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Activate the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway and Enhance DNA Methylation via DNMT1 in PBMC from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Hui Xiong,^1,2Zhixuan Guo,¹Zengqi Tang,¹Xuechen Ai,³Qing Qi,¹Xiuting Liu,^1,2Danqi Huang,^1,2Zhaofeng Li,⁴Suyun Ji,⁵and Qing Guo^1,2

Academic Editor: M. Firoze Khan

Received22 Jul 2020

Revised20 Sept 2020

Accepted21 Oct 2020

Published17 Nov 2020

Abstract

The defective MEK/ERK signaling pathway and downstream hypomethylation pattern of lymphocytes are crucial for the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the role that the mesenchymal stem cells play in the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and DNA methylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SLE patients remains unknown. In this study, we found that the MEK/ERK signaling pathway of PBMC from SLE patients was activated after the coculture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) compared with that from the control group. In addition, the expression level of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) increased while the levels of CD70, integrin, alpha L (ITGAL), selectin-l, and IL-13 were reduced in PBMC from SLE patients. However, no obvious effect of BM-MSC on PBMC from healthy controls was observed. These findings revealed that BM-MSC might downregulate the expression of methylation-sensitive genes and then suppress the autoactivated PBMC via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. And it may be one of the mechanisms that BM-MSC ameliorated SLE.

1. Introduction

Characterized by the deposition of autoantibodies and immune complexes resulting in inflammation of multiple organs, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a refractory autoimmune disease involved in 2.2 to 23.1 out of 100000 per year globally [1]. It is widely accepted that the excessive activation of lymphocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of SLE [2]. The epigenetics including DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA has been considered extremely important in the pathogenesis of SLE in recent decades [3]. Indeed, the epigenetic regulation especially the DNA hypomethylation of T cells and the defective extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been extensively studied in SLE and brought great attention [4, 5]. Therefore, activating the ERK signaling pathway and restoring the hypermethylation of T cells may be a potential treatment for lupus.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) are multiple potent stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cell lines [6]. The immunomodulatory function of BM-MSC has been well studied in various diseases. Thus, the transplantation of BM-MSC has been regarded as a new therapy for inflammatory diseases including lupus either alone or in combination with other drugs [7]. To date, the transplantation of MSC has been proven to be an efficient and safe treatment due to its powerful immunoregulation and lower immunogenicity [8, 9]. BM-MSC exert such beneficial influence on multiple aspects. BM-MSC can reduce the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, suppress the proliferation of T cells and the expansion of Th17 and Tfh cells, promote the proliferation of Treg cells [10], and so on [11, 12]. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

The MEK/ERK signaling pathway is an important axis of regulating DNA methyltransferase [13]. The activation of the ERK pathway can upregulate DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (a member of the cytosine methylate family that can catalyze the addition of methylation marks to genomic DNA) [14], through which the DNA methylation is modified. Several studies have discovered the defective ERK pathway [15] and overexpression of methylation-sensitive genes [16] (including CD70, ITGAL, perforin, selectin-l, IL-4, and IL-13) of lymphocytes from SLE patients compared with the healthy control [17, 18].

In this study, we carried out, for the first time, a study to evaluate the MEK/ERK signaling pathway of PBMC isolated from SLE patients after the coculture with BM-MSC. In addition, the effect of BM-MSC on the expression of DNMT1 and DNA hypomethylation of PBMC from SLE patients was also investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients, Controls, and Blood Samples

SLE patients were recruited from the dermatology inpatient department in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China). SLE was diagnosed according to the 1997 revised American Rheumatism Association criteria. All patients were diagnosed with SLE for the first time or had an SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) equal to or above 6. The sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group. 20 ml EDTA anticoagulated venous peripheral blood was obtained from SLE patients and control subjects. The study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University (permit no. SYSEC-KY-KS-2015-021). The healthy volunteers and the patients had read and signed the informed consent.

2.2. BM-MSC Culture and Differentiation

BM-MSC in the third generation from healthy volunteers were purchased from the Stem Cell Therapy Center of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital. MSC were cultured with additional 2 generations and then cultured in the low-glucose Dulbecco modified Eagle’s medium LG-DMEM (C11885500, Gibco, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS (10099-141, Gibco, USA), 100 U/ml penicillin (15140, Gibco, USA), 100 μg/ml streptomycin (15140, Gibco, USA), 0.4 mM L-glutamine (25030, Gibco, USA), and 10 ng/ml recombinant human FGF-basic (100-18B, PeproTech, USA). For osteogenic induction, MSC were seeded in a 12-well plate ( per well) with complete medium. The medium of MSC was changed into bone induction medium (adding 0.1 μM dexamethasone (D4902, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), 10 mmol/l β-glycerophosphate (G9422, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and 50 μmol/l ascorbate (A4403, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in the complete medium) at 80% confluence and then cultured for additional 4 weeks. Then, osteogenic differentiated MSC were stained with 1% Alizarin red (G1452, Solarbio, China). For adipogenic induction, we changed the complete medium into adipogenic inducing medium (adding 1 μM dexamethasone, 10 μg/ml insulin (I8830, Solarbio, China), and 0.5 mmol/l IBMX (I8450, Solarbio, China) in the complete medium when the cell is at 100% confluence) and cultured it for 3 weeks. Then, adipogenic differentiated MSC were verified by Oil Red O (G1262, Solarbio, China) staining and counterstained with hematoxylin (H8070, Solarbio, China).

2.3. Flow Cytometry

MSC were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD105 (#561443), CD44 (#555478), and CD45 (#555482) and PE-conjugated CD90 (#555596), CD73 (#550257), CD29 (#555443), and CD34 (#555822) monoclonal antibodies (Becton Dickinson, USA) or with appropriate control antibodies and analyzed with a flow cytometer (BD FACSVerse, USA).

2.4. PBMC Isolation

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from EDTA anticoagulated by Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation using the lymphocyte separation medium (LTS1077, TBD, China). Then, cells were washed twice with PBS and cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute- (RPMI-) 1640 medium (C11875500, Gibco, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, and 0.4 mM L-glutamine. Cells were maintained in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO₂.

2.5. Coculture Assay

After the BM-MSC were cultured in the 5th generation, trypsin-EDTA solution was added to prepare the single-cell suspension. Then, the single-cell suspension of BM-MSC was seeded in the 24-well plate ( per well) with LG-DMEM complete medium before the coculture. 12 hours later, the MSC grew adhering to the well plate. Then, the DMEM was removed and the freshly isolated PBMC ( per well) were seeded with RPMI-1640 complete medium. Since the PBMC were suspension cells while the BM-MSC were adherent cells, we could observe that the BM-MSC stick to the bottom of the well plate and the PBMC were suspended in the medium. As a result, both of them were in contact with each other. The direct contact coculture system was established (ratio of ). For the control group, PBMC were seeded alone in the 24-well plate. The cells from both the coculture and control groups were stimulated [19] with 10 ng/ml IL-2 (200-02, PeproTech, USA), 1 μg/ml anti-CD28 (555336, BD, USA), and 0.2 μg/ml anti-CD3 (555725, BD, USA). After the coculture with BM-MSC, PBMC were isolated again from the mixed cells by Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation using the lymphocyte separation medium.

2.6. Western Blot Analysis

PBMC were washed once with PBS and lysed with RIPA buffer (P0013B, Beyotime, China) with protease (CW2200S) and phosphatase inhibitors (CW2383S, CWBIO, China). Antibodies against p-MEK (#9154, 45 kDa), MEK (#8727, 45 kDa), p-ERK (#4370, 44, 42 kDa), ERK (#4695, 44, 42 kDa) (1 : 1000 dilution, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), DNMT1 (1 : 500 dilution, ab18453, 183 kDa, Abcam, USA), and GAPDH (10494-1-AP, 36 kDa, Proteintech, USA) were used for immunoblotting according to the manufacturers’ protocols.

2.7. Real-Time PCR Analysis

Total RNA of PBMC was isolated with RNAiso Plus (9108, Takara, Japan) followed by reverse transcription (RT) with the PrimeScript RT Master Mix (RR036A, Takara, Japan). The mRNA levels encoding DNMT1, CD70, ITGAL, perforin, selectin-l, IL-4, and IL-13 were assessed by real-time PCR using the TB Green system (RR820A, Takara, Japan) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The relative expression of the target mRNA was normalized to the expression of β-actin mRNA. The primers were designed spanning exons to avoid genomic DNA amplification, as described in Table 1.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

Data were presented as the . Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA and determined by the Tukey test. All analyses were performed with the GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. The statistical significance level was set as , , and .

3. Results

3.1. Identity of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

To investigate the immunomodulation mechanism of the human MSC, we firstly isolated the MSC from healthy volunteers. According to the previous reports, BM-MSC express specific surface markers including CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, and CD29. The MSC we cultured were characteristically positive for CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, and CD29 by flow cytometric analysis and negative for hematopoietic antigens such as CD45 and CD34 (Figure 1(a)), which was in agreement with previous studies. Furthermore, it has been agreed that MSC has multiple differentiation potential. Here, human MSC successfully differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes (Figure 1(b)), both of which were defined by the abundant lipid vacuoles or the deposition of a calcium-rich mineralization, respectively.

(a)

(b)

Figure 1

Identification of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (a) BM-MSC express specific surface markers. After being cultured on the 5th generation, BM-MSC from healthy volunteers were stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD105, CD44, and CD45 and PE-conjugated CD90, CD73, CD29, and CD34 monoclonal antibodies and appropriate controls. (b) The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BM-MSC. The BM-MSC of the same generation were cultured with normal complete medium (adding b-FGF to help keep multipotent), osteogenic medium, or adipogenic medium. MSC differentiated into osteocytes characterized by Alizarin red staining (middle, 40x) and adipocytes characterized by lipid vacuoles (right, 100x).

3.2. MEK/ERK Pathway of SLE PBMC Is Activated, and the Level of DNMT1 Increases after the Coculture with MSC

BM-MSC possess a powerful immune regulatory function which has great potential in the treatment of autoimmune diseases including SLE. Although MSC can inhibit the pathological autoactivated lymphocytes, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Considering the defective MEK/ERK signaling pathway of T cells from SLE patients, we hypothesized that MSC could activate the ERK pathway of PBMC from SLE patients. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of MEK ( vs. , ) and ERK ( vs. , ) protein increased in PBMC on the third day when PBMC from SLE patients and BM-MSC from healthy volunteers were mixed cultured at a 15 : 1 ratio compared with the no-coculture group (Figures 2(a) and 2(c)). Despite the upregulation of phosphorylation of ERK in PBMC from healthy controls ( vs. , ), BM-MSC have no significant effect on the expression index of p-MEK in the same condition statistically (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)). In addition, the MEK/ERK signaling pathway was comparable in PBMC from SLE and HC subjects (Figures 2(a) and 2(c)). More importantly, the defection of the ERK pathway led to methylation alteration in T cells, which caused immune dysfunction in lupus. The DNA methyltransferases include DNMT1-2, 3A, 3B, and 3L isoforms. Among these DNA methyltransferases, DNMT1 that was regulated by the ERK pathway and related to the SLEDIA score gained our attention. We therefore evaluated the expression of DNMT1 of PBMC after the coculture with BM-MSC. Interestingly, both the mRNA and protein ( vs. , ) levels of DNMT1 of SLE PBMC were significantly raised (Figures 2(e)–2(g)) after the coculture with BM-MSC for 4 days. In contrast, the healthy control group exhibited a slight increase in DNMT1 expression ( vs. , ).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Figure 2

MEK/ERK pathway of SLE PBMC is activated, and DNMT1 increases after the coculture with MSC. PBMC were isolated from healthy controls and lupus patients. After being stimulated with IL-2, anti-CD28, anti-CD3, both of them were divided into the single-culture group and coculture group (). (a, c) The expressions of p-MEK, t-MEK, p-ERK, and t-ERK of PBMC were assessed by western blot analysis after 3 days. (b, d) The densitometry analysis of the results (a, c) is shown as the ratio of phosphorylated protein and total protein. (e–g) The protein and mRNA of DNMT1 of PBMC were determined by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively, after 4 days. The data of (a)–(d) are presented as the of 8 healthy volunteers and 8 patients. The data of (e)–(g) are represented as the of 4 healthy volunteers and 6 patients. ns: not significant. , , and .

3.3. BM-MSC Alter the Expression of Methylation-Sensitive Genes of SLE PBMC

DNA methylation is indispensable to the epigenetic regulation of the target gene. The methylation of regulatory elements suppresses gene expression. Typically, hypomethylation is common in active genes. Additionally, early studies demonstrated that the inhibition of DNA methylation often caused aberrant expression of methylation-sensitive genes such as CD70 and ITGAL, which contributed to the autoactivation of T cells. Since we found that BM-MSC upregulated the expression of DNMT1, we assumed that BM-MSC could alter the expression of methylation-sensitive genes of PBMC from SLE patients. After the coculture with BM-MSC for 5 days, CD70, a costimulatory molecule of B cells, decreased in comparison with that in the control group ( vs. , ) (Figure 3(a)). However, the expression of CD70 in single-culture group was comparable to that in the coculture group of PBMC from healthy volunteers. Similar results could be observed in the expression of selectin-l ( vs. , ) and IL-13 ( vs. , ) (Figures 3(b) and 3(d)), both of which increased in PBMC from SLE patients. Moreover, ITGAL (also known as CD11a or LFA-1), whose overexpression promoted T cell autoactivation, was downregulated after the coculture with BM-MSC ( vs. , ) (Figure 3(d)). The expressions of those genes of PBMC from SLE patients were also higher than those from the healthy controls ( vs. , ). In addition, perforin and IL-4 did not change after the coculture with MSC (Figures 3(e) and 3(f)). Taken together, we reveal the idea that BM-MSC may downregulate the expression of methylation-sensitive genes and then suppress the autoactivated PBMC via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

4. Discussion

BM-MSC can secrete regulatory factors and inhibit the excessive activation of SLE lymphocytes [20]. Clinically, the transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) from healthy volunteers improves the disease activity and proteinuria [21]. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Emerging evidences indicated that the impaired extracellular ERK pathway of the CD4+ T cell subset contributed to the pathogenesis of SLE [22]. Indeed, hydralazine in concert with MEK inhibitors PD98059 or U0126 caused the drug-induced lupus [23]. Although previous studies had indicated that SLE could be ameliorated by normalizing the ERK signaling pathway [24], we for the first time found that MSC activated the MEK/ERK pathway of SLE PBMC. Because of the strong correlation between the ERK signaling pathway and SLE, we assumed that MSC improved SLE by increasing the ERK pathway of PBMC.

Next, we wanted to figure out how BM-MSC suppressed the autoactivation of PBMC from SLE patients after the normalization of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. DNMT1 is a DNA methyltransferase that maintains the methylation pattern of target genes [14, 24]. The deficiency of DNMT1 will result in the progress of lupus [25, 26]. Lower expression of DNMT1 and hypomethylation of T cells could be observed in SLE patients [18] [27]. Furthermore, the expression of DNMT1 is regulated by the MEK/ERK signaling pathway [28]. We found that the PBMC from patients expressed more DNMT1 following the activation of the ERK pathway after the coculture with MSC. Therefore, we inferred that MSC might regulate the expression of DNMT1 by phosphorylating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. However, unlike other studies, our research showed that the expression of DNMT1 of patients was similar to that of the healthy controls in our model. This may be due to the limited samples and the significant individual differences. Moreover, the epigenetic mechanism of lupus suggests that the abnormal DNA hypomethylation of T cells results in the excessive expression of methylation-sensitive autoimmunity-related genes such as CD70, ITGAL, selectin-l, IL-4, and IL-13 in lupus [29, 30]. CD70 is a costimulatory molecule expressed on T cells, and it can activate B cells [31]. ITGAL (CD11a) is part of the leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1, integrin αLβ2, CD11a/CD18), which plays a central role in cellular adhesion and autoactivation of T cells. Selectin-l contributes to the formation of the steady immunological synapse, which exacerbates the activation of lymphocytes [32]. Furthermore, IL-4 and IL-13 are inflammatory factors taking part in the humoral immune response. Zhao et al.’s [33] and Zhang et al.’s [34] studies also reveal that targeting the DNA methyltransferase 1 can be a potential therapeutic approach to lupus. Similarly, our results revealed that in PBMC from SLE patients, several genes including CD70, ITGAL, selectin-l, and IL-13, all of which are hypomethylated and intensify lupus in different ways, are reduced by MSC. However, the expression of perforin and IL-4 changed little, probably because both of them can be regulated by other factors besides DNMT1. For example, Gaad45α may regulate perforin and IL-4 by decreasing global methylation [35]. What is more, DNA hydroxyl methylation, which is regulated by TET1, TET2, and 5hmC, also influences the level of perforin and IL-4 [22, 36].

Collectively, we showed for the first time that the MEK/ERK signaling pathway is activated and the expression of DNMT1 is upregulated in PBMC from SLE patients after the coculture with MSC from healthy volunteers. In the meantime, the pathological genes such as CD70, ITGAL, selectin-l, and IL-13 are downregulated. A comprehensive study about how MSC regulate the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and lead to the increase in DNMT1 is of interest and warrants further investigation. Thus, our findings indicate that BM-MSC improves SLE patients via the MEK/ERK-DNMT1 axis.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Hui Xiong and Zhixuan Guo contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.

Acknowledgments

High tribute shall be paid to Mrs. Fang Su and Mrs. Jing Wei in the Department of Flow Cytometry, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital. The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81602762, 81573044, and 81803143), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (grant no. 2017A020215193), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. 20ykpy109).

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Figure 1: the mRNA level of DNMT1 of SLE PBMC was not significantly raised after the coculture with BM-MSC for 3 days ( vs. , ). Supplementary Figure 2: (A–C) the levels of CD70 (), ITGAL (), and selectin-l () changed little after the coculture with BM-MSC for 4 days. (D) We can only observe that the mRNA level of IL-13 decreased in comparison with that in the control group ( vs. , ) on the 4th coculture day. Supplementary Figure 3: the living cell ratio of PBMC from both control and coculture groups reaches more than 90%. Supplementary Figure 4: the PBMC from SLE patients expressed lower IL-2 than that from healthy people ( vs. , ). (A) However, it seems that BM-MSC impacts poorly () on the level of IL-2. It may be because the DNA methylation of IL-2 is regulated by other molecules. What is more, IL-2 added in the medium can also influence the mRNA level of PBMC. (B) And the level of IFN-γ also changed little after being cocultured with BM-MSC. (Supplementary Materials)

References

L. Durcan, T. O'Dwyer, and M. Petri, “Management strategies and future directions for systemic lupus erythematosus in adults,” The Lancet, vol. 393, no. 10188, pp. 2332–2343, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Lisnevskaia, G. Murphy, and D. Isenberg, “Systemic lupus erythematosus,” The Lancet, vol. 384, no. 9957, pp. 1878–1888, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Long, H. Yin, L. Wang, M. E. Gershwin, and Q. Lu, “The critical role of epigenetics in systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmunity,” Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 74, pp. 118–138, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Richardson, “Epigenetically Altered T Cells contribute to lupus flares,” Cells, vol. 8, no. 2, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. M. Absher, X. Li, L. L. Waite et al., “Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus reveals persistent hypomethylation of interferon genes and compositional changes to CD4+ T-cell populations,” PLoS genetics, vol. 9, no. 8, article e1003678, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. S. Frenette, S. Pinho, D. Lucas, and C. Scheiermann, “Mesenchymal stem cell: keystone of the hematopoietic stem cell niche and a stepping-stone for regenerative medicine,” Annual review of immunology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 285–316, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Wang, X. Chen, W. Cao, and Y. Shi, “Plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells in immunomodulation: pathological and therapeutic implications,” Nature immunology, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1009–1016, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Wang and L. Sun, “Stem cell therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus: current progress and established evidence,” Expert review of clinical immunology, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 763–769, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Liu, X. Lu, Y. Lou et al., “Xenogeneic transplantation of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviates renal injury and reduces inflammation in a mouse model of lupus nephritis,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2019, Article ID 9370919, 11 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Chen, J. Liang, G. Yao et al., “Mesenchymal stem cells upregulate Treg cells via sHLA-G in SLE patients,” International immunopharmacology, vol. 44, pp. 234–241, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Shi, Y. Wang, Q. Li et al., “Immunoregulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem and stromal cells in inflammatory diseases,” Nature reviews Nephrology, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 493–507, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Najar, H. Fayyad-Kazan, W. H. Faour et al., “Immunological modulation following bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and Th17 lymphocyte co-cultures,” Inflammation Research, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 203–213, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Chen, G. J. Gorelik, F. M. Strickland, and B. C. Richardson, “Decreased ERK and JNK signaling contribute to gene overexpression in "senescent" CD4+CD28- T cells through epigenetic mechanisms,” Journal of leukocyte biology, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 137–145, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Lyko, “The DNA methyltransferase family: a versatile toolkit for epigenetic regulation,” Nature reviews Genetics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 81–92, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Gorelik and B. Richardson, “Key role of ERK pathway signaling in lupus,” Autoimmunity, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Balada, J. Ordi-Ros, and M. Vilardell-Tarres, “DNA methylation and systemic lupus erythematosus,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1108, no. 1, pp. 127–136, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhu, J. Liang, F. Li, Y. Yang, L. Xiang, and J. Xu, “Analysis of associations between the patterns of global DNA hypomethylation and expression of DNA methyltransferase in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus,” International journal of dermatology, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 697–704, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. C. Liu, T. T. Ou, C. C. Wu et al., “Global DNA methylation, DNMT1, and MBD2 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus,” Lupus, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 131–136, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Gieseke, J. Böhringer, R. Bussolari, M. Dominici, R. Handgretinger, and I. Müller, “Human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells use galectin-1 to inhibit immune effector cells,” Blood, vol. 116, no. 19, pp. 3770–3779, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. K. Lee and S. U. Song, “Immunomodulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells and their therapeutic applications,” Cellular immunology, vol. 326, pp. 68–76, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Liu, Y. L. Guo, J. Y. Yang, W. Wang, and J. Xu, “Efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells on systemic lupus erythematosus:a meta-analysis,” Beijing da xue xue bao Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University Health sciences, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1014–1021, 2018.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Zhang, M. Zhao, A. H. Sawalha, B. Richardson, and Q. Lu, “Impaired DNA methylation and its mechanisms in CD4⁺T cells of systemic lupus erythematosus,” Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 41, pp. 92–99, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Gorelik, J. Y. Fang, A. Wu, A. H. Sawalha, and B. Richardson, “Impaired T cell protein kinase C delta activation decreases ERK pathway signaling in idiopathic and hydralazine-induced lupus,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 179, no. 8, pp. 5553–5563, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Wang, M. Mizui, L. F. Zeng et al., “Inhibition of SHP2 ameliorates the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus,” The Journal of clinical investigation, vol. 126, no. 6, pp. 2077–2092, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, G. Gorelik, F. M. Strickland, and B. C. Richardson, “Oxidative stress, T cell DNA methylation, and lupus,” Arthritis & Rheumatology, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1574–1582, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wu, X. Li, H. Qin, X. Zhu, J. Xu, and W. Shi, “Ultraviolet B enhances DNA hypomethylation of CD4+ T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus via inhibiting DNMT1 catalytic activity,” Journal of dermatological science, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 167–173, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Balada, J. Castro-Marrero, L. Felip, J. Ordi-Ros, and M. Vilardell-Tarres, “Clinical and serological findings associated with the expression of ITGAL, PRF1, and CD70 in systemic lupus erythematosus,” Clinical and experimental rheumatology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113–116, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Sunahori, K. Nagpal, C. M. Hedrich, M. Mizui, L. M. Fitzgerald, and G. C. Tsokos, “The catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) promotes DNA hypomethylation by suppressing the phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/phosphorylated ERK/DNMT1 protein pathway in T-cells from controls and systemic lupus erythematosus patients,” The Journal of biological chemistry, vol. 288, no. 30, pp. 21936–21944, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Jeffries, M. Dozmorov, Y. Tang, J. T. Merrill, J. D. Wren, and A. H. Sawalha, “Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus,” Epigenetics, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 593–601, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Balada, L. Felip, J. Ordi-Ros, and M. Vilardell-Tarres, “DUSP23 is over-expressed and linked to the expression of DNMTs in CD4⁺T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients,” Clinical and experimental immunology, vol. 187, no. 2, pp. 242–250, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Zhou, X. Qiu, Y. Luo et al., “Histone modifications and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein levels at the TNFSF7 (CD70) promoter in SLE CD4⁺ T cells,” Lupus, vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1365–1371, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. M. Javierre and B. Richardson, “A new epigenetic challenge: systemic lupus erythematosus,” Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol. 711, pp. 117–136, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Zhao, Y. Wang, Y. Liang et al., “MicroRNA-126 regulates DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells and contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1,” Arthritis and rheumatism, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1376–1386, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Chen, Z. Wu, C. Zhang, and W. Shi, “The down-regulation of hsa_circ_0012919, the sponge for miR-125a-3p, contributes to DNA methylation of CD11a and CD70 in CD4⁺ T cells of systemic lupus erythematous,” Clinical Science, vol. 132, no. 21, pp. 2285–2298, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, M. Zhao, H. Yin et al., “Overexpression of the growth arrest and DNA damage-induced 45alpha gene contributes to autoimmunity by promoting DNA demethylation in lupus T cells,” Arthritis and rheumatism, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1438–1447, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. R. Branco, G. Ficz, and W. Reik, “Uncovering the role of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the epigenome,” Nature reviews Genetics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Hui Xiong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

488

Downloads

1096

Citations