Pincer Nail Deformity: Clinical Characteristics, Causes, and Managements

Table 2

Surgical treatment for PND.

No.	Authors and references	Year	Cases	Age (years)	Sex	Location	Treatment	Complication	Outcome	Limitations
1	Zadik [35]	1950	16	NM	NM	NM	Advancement flap after destroying the nail matrix	Little epithelial thickening over the nail bed; necrosis of the flap	Satisfactory	Permanent nail eradication, loss of fingertip dexterity, and aesthetic differences
2	Iida and Ohsumi [36]	2004	14	67.5, average	M/4, F/10	Halluces, fingers	Modified Zadik method with artificial skin	No	Good	Wound took longer to epithelialize
3	Suzuki et al. [37]	1979	NM	NM	NM	NM	Preserving the nail matrix with a split-thickness skin graft	NM	NM	Nail did not adhere to the split-thickness skin graft, resulting in a floating, distorted nail
4	Brown and Zook [38]	2000	6	52, average	M/1, F/5	Halluces (2/6), thumb (4/6)	Implanting dermal grafts between the distal phalanx and nail bed to restore the nail bed contour	NM	NM	Shrinkage of the full-thickness skin grafts
5	Hatoko et al. [39]	2003	1	25	M	Bilateral halluces	Hard-palate mucosal graft after flattening the digital bone	No	Good	No
6	Masaaki and Hiroshi [17]	2003	27	NM	NM	Halluces (40)	Widening the nail bed with a zigzag flap	No	Good	No
7	Mutaf et al. [40]	2007	8	17 to 48	M/2, F/6	Toenails	Modified 5-flap Z-plasty technique to enlarge the distal part of the nail bed after removing the osteophyte	Infection and partial wound dehiscence (1/8)	Good	Limited ability to flatten the distal end of the nail bed [66]
8	Cho et al. [20]	2015	12	43, average	M/3, F/9	Toenails	Modified double Z-plasty	No	Good	No
9	Ozawa et al. [21]	2005	7	41.5, average	M/2, F/5	Right hallux (4/9), left hallux (1/9), bilateral halluces (4/9)	Splinting device composed of an aspiration tube	Ingrowth of the nail (1/9)	Good	No
10	Ghaffarpour et al. [41]	2010	11	60, average	M/2, F/9	Toenails	Widening the nail bed with the combination of splint and nail bed cutting	No	Good	No
11	Leshin and Whitaker [42]	1988	9	NM	NM	NM	Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for permanent nail ablation via matricectomy	No	Good	No
12	Lane et al. [34]	2004	1	63	M	Left thumbnail	CO2 laser to ablate the nail plate and lateral horns of the matrix; performance of a partial matricectomy; satisfactory results were achieved	No	Good	No
13	Miller and Levitt [43]	2011	1	16	M	Left third finger	Pulsed dye laser	No	Good	No
14	Shin et al. [44]	2018	11	61.7, average	M/7, F/4	Halluces	Nail plate and bed reconstruction	Mild ischemic changes on the incision, but with healed wounds (2/11)	Good	No
15	Altun et al. [9]	2016	1	64	F	Right hallux	Removal of osteophytes and correction of the depressed areas of both sides of the nail bed (lateral nail fold) with dermal flaps prepared from the side	No	Good	No
16	Yabe [18]	2013	1	51	F	Right hallux	Removal of the nail plate, raising the nail bed with a periosteum as a flap, flatting the distal phalanx, and trimming excessive skin of both sides of the nail	No	Good	No
17	Fuchsbauer et al. [33]	2007	1	46	M	Right hallux	Removal of the nail plate, elevation of the nail bed, flattening of the distal dorsal bony excrescence, placing a dermal graft, and placing silicon sheeting	No	Good	No
18	Majeski et al. [8]	2005	1	29	F	All fingernails	Resection of the nail plate and matrix	NM	Good	NM
19	Brown and Zook [12]	1988	1	45	F	Right thumb	Removal of the cyst and two corners of the matrix to reduce the width of the nail	No	Good	No

NM: not mentioned; F: female; M: male.