Pincer Nail Deformity: Clinical Characteristics, Causes, and Managements

Table 1

Conservative treatment for PND.

No.	Authors and references	Year	Cases	Age (years)	Sex	Location	Treatment	Complication	Outcome	Limitations
1	Effendy et al. [22]	1993	3	NM	F/3	Halluces	Pliant braces after flattening with a grinder	NM	Good	NM
2	Chiacchio et al. [23]	2006	27	53, average	M/2, F/25	Halluces	Plastic device	No	Good	Longer treatment period; required several plastic brace adjustments
3	Kim and Park [24]	2009	19	38.8, average	NM	Toenails	Shape-memory alloy (the K-D)	6% recurrence rate	Good	NM
4	Kim et al. [14]	2013	21	51.9, average	M/3, F/11	Halluces	Shape-memory alloy device	No	Good	Eczema lesions; sensitivity of the shape-memory alloy device
5	Lee et al. [25]	2014	1	27	F	Hallux	Shape-memory alloy brace	Superficial necrosis	Bad	NM
6	Yang et al. [26]	2011	1	32	M	Halluces	Shape-memory alloy and removal of excess skin and subcutaneous fat	No	Good	NM
7	Roh et al. [27]	1997	1	60	F	Fingers	Nail grinding method, 3 times weekly	No	Good	NM
8	Sano and Ogawa [28]	2015	1	55	M	Left hallux	Reduce the hardness and thickness of nails using a nail grinder	NM	Good	NM
9	El-Gammal and Altmeyer [6]	1993	1	39	F	Most toenails, all fingernails	40% uric acid ointment	NM	Good	NM
10	Baran et al. [29]	2002	NM	NM	NM	NM	3% salicylic acid	NM	Good	NM
11	Won et al. [30]	2018	68	46, average	M/21,F/47	Toenails	Superelastic nickel-titanium	Early wire detachment (4/68), discomfort (2/68), torn stockings (3/68)	Good	NM

NM: not mentioned; F: female; M: male.