Review Article
Pincer Nail Deformity: Clinical Characteristics, Causes, and Managements
Table 1
Conservative treatment for PND.
| No. | Authors and references | Year | Cases | Age (years) | Sex | Location | Treatment | Complication | Outcome | Limitations |
| 1 | Effendy et al. [22] | 1993 | 3 | NM | F/3 | Halluces | Pliant braces after flattening with a grinder | NM | Good | NM | 2 | Chiacchio et al. [23] | 2006 | 27 | 53, average | M/2, F/25 | Halluces | Plastic device | No | Good | Longer treatment period; required several plastic brace adjustments | 3 | Kim and Park [24] | 2009 | 19 | 38.8, average | NM | Toenails | Shape-memory alloy (the K-D) | 6% recurrence rate | Good | NM | 4 | Kim et al. [14] | 2013 | 21 | 51.9, average | M/3, F/11 | Halluces | Shape-memory alloy device | No | Good | Eczema lesions; sensitivity of the shape-memory alloy device | 5 | Lee et al. [25] | 2014 | 1 | 27 | F | Hallux | Shape-memory alloy brace | Superficial necrosis | Bad | NM | 6 | Yang et al. [26] | 2011 | 1 | 32 | M | Halluces | Shape-memory alloy and removal of excess skin and subcutaneous fat | No | Good | NM | 7 | Roh et al. [27] | 1997 | 1 | 60 | F | Fingers | Nail grinding method, 3 times weekly | No | Good | NM | 8 | Sano and Ogawa [28] | 2015 | 1 | 55 | M | Left hallux | Reduce the hardness and thickness of nails using a nail grinder | NM | Good | NM | 9 | El-Gammal and Altmeyer [6] | 1993 | 1 | 39 | F | Most toenails, all fingernails | 40% uric acid ointment | NM | Good | NM | 10 | Baran et al. [29] | 2002 | NM | NM | NM | NM | 3% salicylic acid | NM | Good | NM | 11 | Won et al. [30] | 2018 | 68 | 46, average | M/21,F/47 | Toenails | Superelastic nickel-titanium | Early wire detachment (4/68), discomfort (2/68), torn stockings (3/68) | Good | NM |
|
|
NM: not mentioned; F: female; M: male.
|