The Biomarkers for Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure

Table 1

Clinical application of biomarkers.

Biomarker	Pathophysiology	Clinical usefulness
hs-cTn	Myocardial injury	Diagnostic
		Prognostic
		Risk stratification
		Therapeutic guidance
BNP/NT-proBNP	Myocyte stretch	Diagnostic
		Prognostic
		Risk stratification
		Therapeutic target
		Therapeutic guidance
CRP	Inflammation	Prognostic
Copeptin	Oxidative stress	Diagnostic
		Prognostic
IL-6	Inflammation	Diagnosis
		Prognostic
		Risk stratification
sCD40L	Inflammation	Potential prognostic value
Gal-3	Hypertrophy/fibrosis	Prognostic
		Therapeutic guidance
cMyC	Myocardial injury	Diagnostic
hFABP	Myocardial injury	Diagnostic
ESM-1	Endothelial dysfunction	Risk stratification
		Prognostic
MPV	—	Prognostic
ST-2	Hypertrophy/fibrosis	Risk stratification
		Prognostic
		Therapeutic guidance
cys-C	Myocardial injury	Prognostic
miRNA	—	Potential diagnostic and prognostic value
lncRNA	—	Potential prognostic value
SIRT	Oxidative stress	Potential prognostic value
TREM	Inflammation	Potential prognostic value
GDF-15	Apoptosis	Potential prognostic value
PAPP-A	Myocardial injury	Diagnostic
		Prognostic

BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; cMyC: cardiac myosin-binding protein C; CRP: C-reactive protein; cys-C: cystatin C; ESM-1: endothelial cell-specific molecule 1; Gal-3: galectin-3; GDF-15: growth-differentiation factor-15; hFABP: heart-type fatty acid binding protein; hs-cTn: high-sensitivity troponin; IL-6: interleukin-6; lncRNA: long noncoding RNA; miRNA: microRNA; MPV: mean platelet volume; NT-proBNP: N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide; PAPP-A: pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A; sCD40L: soluble CD40 ligand; SIRT: sirtuin; ST-2: suppression of tumorigenicity 2; TREML: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells.