Evidence-Based Optimal Cutoff Values with the Validation of Criterion-Referenced Standards for Sarcopenic Elderly Fitness Improvement

Table 2

Screened studies using various methods for measuring physical fitness.

Authors	Subjects	Target for criterion referenced standards (CRS)	Methods of criterion-referenced standards	Miscellaneous
Amini et al. [11]	American football players ()	Waist circumference, quadriceps leak torque, systolic & diastolic BP	ROC curve analysis followed by logistic regression for prediction	Lessening cardiometabolic risk-like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Jang [12]	Pre & post 50 yrs men ()	Muscle strength and metabolic syndrome (triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, glucose, systolic diastolic BP)	ROC and 20% below −> low level and logistic regression (low muscle strength vs. metabolic syndrome)	Low muscle strength: lowest age-specific 20^th percentile (2.56 kg/kg body weight in pre 50 vs. 2.50 kg/kg body weight in post 50); High muscle strength: highest age-specific 20^th percentile
Ruiz et al. [15]	69 pain treatment patients	Lower pressure pain threshold (PPT, dependent), knee mechanics (independent)	Univariable linear regression for lower PPT and multiple variable linear regression	Knee mechanics are associated with PPT
Sénéchal et al. [17]	Systematic review ()	Moderate to vigorous physical activity, 6MWT	Logistic regression for cutoff (accelerometry measured moderate to vigorous physical activity compared to sedentary in elderly) and Bland-Altman method used; however, the results are obscure	Sedentary ratio, activity difference, and exercise time reflect the results assessed by accelerometry
Hooten et al. [20]	Review			Changed evaluation trends shown from performance centered to health-related test and norm referenced to CR evaluation. Criterion-referenced standards vs. norm-referenced evaluation ROC introduced
Hanifah et al. [21]	Review			Criterion-referenced evaluation developed history. Advantages of CRS (absolute, diagnostic supportive), drawbacks of CRS (misclassification such as false mastery and false nonmastery, nonsufficient incentives etc.)
Authors	Subjects	Target for criterion-referenced standards (CRS)	Methods of criterion-referenced standards	Miscellaneous
Gorman et al. [22]	65~84 yrs both gender elderly ()	Chair stands in 30 s, arm curls in 30 s, 6 min walk, 8 foot up and go (1)	ROC for predicting independent physical function in later life and logistic regression	For later life (~90 yrs), internet-based program recommended (https://www.fmh.ulisboa.pt/ehlab/calculator/)
Duncan et al. [23]	Review (setting CRS transition history)	Make participants get into HFZ	ROC analysis, LMS (, , of variation), centile	Single cutoff (HFZ), needs improvement zone (NIZ) set for warning potential risk
Kawakami et al. [24]	Systematic review			Selected article had different methods, analyses, and results that prevented comparison between
Zhu et al. [25]	55 yrs and older both gender elderly ()	BMI, hand grip strength	ROC for hand grip strength cut-points and impaired hand grip cut-points vs. mobility limitation by logistic regression	Optimal hand grip strength cut-points for mobility limitation and the cut-points discriminate BMI
Cureton and Warren [26]	Systematic review		False-positive/false-negative analysis, regression model, visual inspection