Review on Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Table 5

Summary of studies on attempts for improvement in acoustic droplet vaporization.

Purpose	Advantage in relation to ADV	Outcome	Application	Droplet core and specification	Study
Fabrication of novel ultrasound molecular probe	Use of low-intensity focused US (LIFU) sonication for the regular ultrasound visualization	Notable ultrasound contrast enhancement in the tumor region	Tumor molecular imaging	Folate-targeted; Perfluoropentane	Liu et al. [89]
Synthesize a targeted computed tomography (CT) perfluorooctylbromide nanoparticle for the early detection of ovarian cancer	Successful targeted drug delivery	High efficiency in terms of targeting and long circulation time of the synthesized droplets	Detection of ovarian cancer	Folate-receptor-targeting; Perfluorooctylbromide	Liu et al. [90]
Fabrication of droplets with size control using microfluidics	Viability of the droplets for the in situ production of ultrasound contrast agents as a echogenic bubbles	Fabrication of droplets have a size of 24 times smaller than the precursor bubbles	Cancer imaging and therapy	Monodisperse; Cosolvent-incorporated; Perfluorocarbon	Seo et al. [91]
Fabrication of a multifunctional targeted poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanobubbles for tumor imaging and HIFU ablation	The combination of HIFU ablation and chemotherapy with the aid of the developed NBs suits well with several therapeutic and diagnostic treatments	The change in the acoustic environment leads to improve the efficiency of HIFU ablation when the fabricated NBs are using	Tumor imaging; Anti-cancer drug carrier; Synergistic agent for enhancing therapeutic efficiency	Methotrexate (MTX)-loaded NBs filled with perfluorocarbon	Zhang et al. [92]
Targeted gas embolotherapy with the aid of ADV	The feasibility of occluding vessels with in the embolotherapy with the use of ADV	The successful utilization of gas embolotherapy as an noninvasive method for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Perfluoropentane	Harmon et al. [78]
Locally enhance energy absorption and heating in the focused ultrasound	Suitability of the nanoemulsion in the thermal FUS therapies	Enhancement of acoustic cavitation and temperature rise in an in vitro study with the use of phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE)	Thermal focused ultrasound therapy	Perfluoropentane	Crake et al. [93]
To lower the power output and radiation time during radiofrequency (RF) ablation	Using the versatility of radiofrequency solidoid vaporization to compensate drawbacks and limitations of ADV and optical droplet vaporization (ODV)	Employment of continuous cavitation to enhance the RF ablation	Cancer theranostics	Perfluorocarbon-encapsulated theranostic agents	Zhang et al. [94]