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Study | Core material | Shell | Fabrication method | Size before ADV | Size after ADV | Significance | Future potential |
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Ho et al. [4] | Perfluoropentane | DPPC, DSPG, DSPE-PEG5000 | Condensation | 214 nm | 100% of vessels with diameters below 10 μm were disrupted | Drug-loaded capsules are used to disrupt blood vessels and deliver drugs locally to a tumor | Improved tumor treatment by obstructing blood flow and causing direct damage |
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VanOsdol et al. [25] | Perfluoropentane | DPPC, MSPC, DSPE-mPEG2000; NTSL: DPPC, cholesterol, DSPE-mPEG2000 | Extrusion method for synthesizing lipid shell and pH-gradient loading protocol for droplet preparaion | 170-190 nm | NA | Echogenic low temperature sensitive liposomes are effective for drug delivery when paired with sequential HIFU heating for short duration time | Improved treatment of difficult cancers, such as lvier and colon |
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Rapoport et al. [85] | Perfluoropentane | Block polymer stabilized micelles | A solvent exchange echnique for micellar solution and transferring PFP to the sonicated shell | Three peaks: 19.3-29.3 nm, 114.7-188.9 nm, 592.6-718.4 nm | Up to 10 μm | Drug-loaded emulsions combined with HIFU can be effective when treating ovarian, breat and pancreatic cancer | Need to study cell resistance, since second treatment was not at all as efficient as the first one |
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Fix et al. [19] | Perfluoropropane | DSPC, DSPE-PEG2000 | Condensation | 140 nm | 1-10 μm | Low-boiling PCCAs induce cellular sonoporation, and efficiency of sonoporation increase with increasing PNP and increasing pulse length | Improved drug or gene delivery |
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Soto et al. [11] | Perfluorocarbon | DSPC, mPEG-DSPE | Evaporation of the mixed nanoemulsion with the use of an ultrasound probe generator | NA | NA | The patch loaded with lidocaine and PFC emulsions and exposed to US increased the payload skin penetration compared to passive diffusion | New way to deliver local anesthetics over a long time |
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Ho et al. [24] | Perfluoropentane | DPPC, DSPG, DSPE-PEG2000 | Condensation | 1.1 μm (MDs), 124 nm (DLs), 357 nm (NDs) | 10-15 μm | Vascular disruption induced by ADV with multiple US sonications improves drug penetration more than the EPR effect | Better drug delivery optimization |
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