Review on Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Table 4

Droplet fabrication method, significances and specifications used in drug delivery.

Study	Core material	Shell	Fabrication method	Size before ADV	Size after ADV	Significance	Future potential
Ho et al. [4]	Perfluoropentane	DPPC, DSPG, DSPE-PEG5000	Condensation	214 nm	100% of vessels with diameters below 10 μm were disrupted	Drug-loaded capsules are used to disrupt blood vessels and deliver drugs locally to a tumor	Improved tumor treatment by obstructing blood flow and causing direct damage
VanOsdol et al. [25]	Perfluoropentane	DPPC, MSPC, DSPE-mPEG2000; NTSL: DPPC, cholesterol, DSPE-mPEG2000	Extrusion method for synthesizing lipid shell and pH-gradient loading protocol for droplet preparaion	170-190 nm	NA	Echogenic low temperature sensitive liposomes are effective for drug delivery when paired with sequential HIFU heating for short duration time	Improved treatment of difficult cancers, such as lvier and colon
Rapoport et al. [85]	Perfluoropentane	Block polymer stabilized micelles	A solvent exchange echnique for micellar solution and transferring PFP to the sonicated shell	Three peaks: 19.3-29.3 nm, 114.7-188.9 nm, 592.6-718.4 nm	Up to 10 μm	Drug-loaded emulsions combined with HIFU can be effective when treating ovarian, breat and pancreatic cancer	Need to study cell resistance, since second treatment was not at all as efficient as the first one
Fix et al. [19]	Perfluoropropane	DSPC, DSPE-PEG2000	Condensation	140 nm	1-10 μm	Low-boiling PCCAs induce cellular sonoporation, and efficiency of sonoporation increase with increasing PNP and increasing pulse length	Improved drug or gene delivery
Soto et al. [11]	Perfluorocarbon	DSPC, mPEG-DSPE	Evaporation of the mixed nanoemulsion with the use of an ultrasound probe generator	NA	NA	The patch loaded with lidocaine and PFC emulsions and exposed to US increased the payload skin penetration compared to passive diffusion	New way to deliver local anesthetics over a long time
Ho et al. [24]	Perfluoropentane	DPPC, DSPG, DSPE-PEG2000	Condensation	1.1 μm (MDs), 124 nm (DLs), 357 nm (NDs)	10-15 μm	Vascular disruption induced by ADV with multiple US sonications improves drug penetration more than the EPR effect	Better drug delivery optimization