EMG Muscle Activation Pattern of Four Lower Extremity Muscles during Stair Climbing, Motor Imagery, and Robot-Assisted Stepping: A Cross-Sectional Study in Healthy Individuals

Table 1

Characteristics of the participants. G (gender): m: male; f: female; PA (physical activity level): 1: rarely/minimal, 2: often/moderate, and 3: frequent/intense; MI exp. (MI experience): y: yes; n: no; Hand (handedness): r: right; l: left; MR (mental rotation): number of correct identified stimuli, total=3; SP (choice of spontaneous perspective): i: internal; e: external; KVIQ v (KVIQ-10 visual domain): total=25; KVIQ k (KVIQ-10 kinaesthetic domain): total=25; KVIQ total (KVIQ-10 total score): total=50; MC PE (mental chronometry, physical execution): time in seconds; MC MI (mental chronometry, motor imagery): time in seconds; MI:PE: ratio of motor imagery and physical execution; vis mean, kin mean: average value of self-rating after each trial during MI (visual and kinaesthetic subscale 1-5); mean ± SD.

ID	Age	G	PA	MI	Hand	MR	SP	KVIQ	KVIQ	KVIQ	MC	MC	MI:PE	vis	kin
				exp.				v	k	total	PE (s)	MI (s)		mean	mean
1	37	m	2	n	r	32.0	i/i	18	18	36	4.9	5.1	1.0	3.7	3.3
2	58	f	1	n	r	29.0	i/i	19	14	33	4.6	5.4	0.9	3.7	3.7
3	30	f	1	n	r	31.0	i/i	18	2	38	6.1	5.9	1.0	4.0	4.3
4	33	f	3	y	r	32.0	i/i	21	18	39	7.3	7.9	0.9	3.0	4.0
5	38	m	2	n	r	29.0	e/i	13	19	32	6.7	6.5	1.0	2.7	2.7
6	41	f	2	y	r	32.0	i/i	19	19	38	7.9	9.2	0.9	2.7	2.7
7	53	f	2	n	r	29.0	i/i	14	17	31	5.3	6.5	0.8	3.3	3.3
8	67	m	3	n	r	32.0	i/i	11	17	28	5.6	5.4	1.0	1.7	3.7
9	59	f	3	y	r	27.0	i/i	12	19	31	5.4	6.1	0.9	3.7	5.0
10	48	f	2	y	r	31.0	i/i	22	25	47	7.0	9.2	0.8	3.3	4.7
11	67	f	2	n	l	26.0	i/i	19	18	37	5.5	7.1	0.8	3.7	3.0
12	73	m	2	n	r	28.0	i/i	15	15	30	4.9	5.1	1.0	4.0	4.0
Total	50.3	f:		y: n=4	r:			16.8	18.3	35	5.9	6.6	0.9	3.3	3.7
	±14.6	n=8		n: n=8	n=11			±3.6	±2.7	±5.23	±1.1	±1.5	±0.1	±0.7	±0.7
		m:			l:
		n=4			n=1