Hyperhomocysteinemia Associated with Low Muscle Mass, Muscle Function in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients: An Analysis of Multiple Dialysis Centers

Table 1

Demographic, anthropometric, dietary, biochemical values, indicators of muscle mass, and muscle function in hemodialysis patients.

Variables	All (n = 138)
Demographics
Age (years)	73.1 ± 6.4
Male	87 (63.0%)
Dialysis vintage (year)	4.5 ± 3.4
Interdialytic weight gain (%)	3.3 ± 1.2
eKt/V	1.6 ± 0.3
Diabetes mellitus	65 (47.1%)
Hypertension	71 (51.5%)
History of CVD	60 (43.5%)
Biochemical values
Albumin (g/dL)	3.9 ± 0.4
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	161.7 ± 34.8
Creatinine (mg/dL)	10.5 ± 1.8
FPG (mg/dL)	137.7 ± 63.2
Insulin (μU/mL)	23.6 ± 22.4
HOMA-IR	9.1 ± 12.3
Homocysteine (μmol/L)	19.7 ± 6.0
Hyperhomocysteinemia	103 (74.6%)
Folate (ng/mL)	18.1 ± 4.5
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)	1416.8 ± 582.6
TSH (μU/mL)	2.5 ± 2.1
hs-CRP (mg/dL)	0.6 ± 0.9
Anthropometrics
Height (cm)	160.6 ± 7.9
Body weight (kg)	60.3 ± 9.7
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.3 ± 3.0
Body fat (%)	29.9 ± 9.2
Dietary intake
Energy (kcal/day)	1554.5 ± 494.5
Protein (g/day)	61.6 ± 23.9
Total fat (g/day)	61.9 ± 27.9
Meat and beans (serving/day)	5.1 ± 3.0
Vegetables (serving/day)	1.9 ± 1.5
Fruits (serving/day)	0.9 ± 1.0
Oil (serving/day)	3.7 ± 3.0
Folate (μg/day)	435.8 ± 204.0
Vitamin B2 (mg/day)	1.5 ± 0.8
Vitamin B6 (mg/day)	2.1 ± 1.1
Vitamin B12 (μg/day)	4.7 ± 3.1
Supplement
Folic acid, n (%)	108 (78.3%)
B-complex, n (%)	96 (69.6%)
Muscle mass
SMM (kg)	22.6 ± 4.5
(kg/m^2)	8.7 ± 1.2
(%)	37.7 ± 5.6
Muscle function
Hand grip strength (kg)	21.1 ± 7.4
Arm lean mass (kg)	1.7 ± 0.5
Muscle quality	10.0 ± 3.0
Others
nPNA (g/kg)	1.3 ± 0.4
GNRI	98.6 ± 7.1
MET (kcal/day)	753.8 ± 311.7

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number of patients (percentage).
Sample of 87 patients with the data of muscle function was analyzed.
SD, standard deviation; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; BMI, body mass index; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; Ht, height; Wt, weight; nPNA, normalized protein nitrogen appearance; GNRI, geriatric nutritional risk index; MET, metabolic equivalent.