|
| | Methods | Advantages | Disadvantages | Indicated patients |
|
| Conservative management | Topical antiperspirants | (i) Noninvasive
(ii) Easy to use | (i) Temporary effects
(ii) Poor efficacy | Mild to moderate AO patients |
| | Botulinum toxin injection | (i) Good efficacy
(ii) Noninvasive | (i) Need periodic use to maintain the efficacy
(ii) Pain during the injection
(iii) High cost | |
|
| Invasive management (to remove the apocrine glands) | Direct excision of dermis and subcutaneous tissues ± skin excision | (i) Good efficacy
(ii) Under local anaesthesia | (i) Large wound
(ii) Discomforts during postoperative periods
(iii) Higher rates of hematoma formation, skin necrosis, keloid formation, and wound infection | Moderate to severe AO patients |
| | Curettage | (i) Moderate to good efficacy
(ii) Smaller wound and less painful than direct excision
(iii) Under local anaesthesia | (i) Complications depend on the physician experience | |
| Ultrasonic liposuction | (i) Moderate to good efficacy
(ii) Small incision wound
(iii) Short recovery time
(iv) Under local anaesthesia | (i) Complications depend on the physician experience |
| Laser-assisted | (i) Moderate to good efficacy
(ii) Small incision wound
(iii) Short recovery time
(iv) Under local anaesthesia | (i) Higher recurrence rate than liposuction and surgery
(ii) Higher complication incidence than the liposuction and surgery |
| Microwave-based | (i) Good efficacy
(ii) No surgical wound
(iii) Short learning curve
(iv) Under local anaesthesia | (i) Require multiple sessions to achieve better results
(ii) Postoperative pain, swelling, and numbness (could be temporary)
(iii) Possibility to injure the brachial nerve
(iv) High cost |
| Suction-assisted cartilage shaver | (i) Good efficacy
(ii) Under local anaesthesia
(iii) Better removal of the apocrine glands | (i) Long learning curve
(ii) Complications depend on the physician experience |
|
| Sympathectomy | Upper thoracic sympathectomy | (i) Moderate to good efficacy | (i) Need general anaesthesia
(ii) Compensatory hyperhidrosis
(iii) Possibility of nerve injury
(iv) Risk of pneumohemothorax |
|
