|
| Study | Publication year | Country | Sample size | Mean age (years) | Percentage male | Setting | Intervention | Control | Treatment duration | Diagnosis criteria | Reported outcomes | Jadad scale |
|
| Francese et al. [14] | 1997 | USA | 6/5 | NA | NA | Nursing home | Exercises targeting strength and function that included the use of music, various types of exercise balls, and parachute leg weights | Social contact plus sing-along group that watched music videos | 7 weeks | Clinical | ADL (CADS) | 3 |
|
| de Winckel et al. [15] | 2004 | Belgium | 15/10 | 81.6 | 0.0 | Public psychiatric hospital | Intervention focused on strength training, balance, trunk movements, and flexibility | Social contact 1-on-1 conversation with therapist | 3 months | NIN CDS-ARDRA | Cognition (MMSE, ADS 6) | 4 |
|
| Rolland et al. [16] | 2007 | France | 67/67 | 83.0 | 24.6 | Nursing home | Aerobic (walking), strength (lower extremity), flexibility, and balance training, gradually increased in intensity | Usual care | 12 months | NIN CDS-ARDRA | ADL (Katz index of ADLs), depression (MADRS) | 6 |
|
| Christofoletti et al. [17] | 2008 | Brazil | 17/20 | 74.3 | 32.4 | NA | Physiotherapy kinesiotherapy exercises (strength, balance, memory, and recognition exercise using balls, elastic ribbons, and proprioceptive plates) | Usual care | 6 months | ICD-10, CMBD, and confirmed by the patient’s performance on the MMSE and on KADL scale | Cognition (MMSE) | 4 |
|
| Williams and Tappen [18] | 2008 | USA | 33/12 | 87.9 | 11.0 | Nursing home | Exercise focusing on strength, flexibility, and balance; supervised walking | Social contact-conversation | 16 weeks | NINCDS-ADRDA | Depression (CSDD) | 4 |
|
| Eggermont et al. [19] | 2009 | The Netherlands | 51/46 | 85.4 | 18.6 | Nursing home | Walking group, walks occurred on unit wards and in public places | Social contact | 6 weeks | Clinical | Cognition (MMSE) | 5 |
|
| Eggermont et al. [20] | 2009 | The Netherlands | 30/31 | 84.6 | NA | Nursing home | Hand movement activity group performing activities such as “finger movement, pinching a soft ball, or handling a rubber ring” | Social contact plus read out loud program | 6 weeks | DSM-IV | Cognition (RBMT), depression (GDS) | 5 |
|
| Conradsson et al. [21] | 2010 | Sweden | 191 | 84.7 | 27.0 | Nursing home | The high-intensity group exercise (3–9 participants per exercise group) focused on weight bearing and progressively increased in difficulty. Activity consisted of strength and balance exercises including walking, squats, and trunk exercises | Social contact plus seated activities provided by occupational therapists | 13 weeks | KADL scale | ADL (Katz index of ADLs) | 5 |
|
| Kemoun et al. [22] | 2010 | France | 20/18 | 81.9 | 21.1 | Nursing home | The exercise program included three different sessions each week, i.e., (1) walking, (2) stamina exercise, and (3) a combination of walking, stamina, and balance exercises. For the first 2 weeks of the program, participants prepared for the routine program with specific muscles and joint exercises | Usual care | 15 weeks | DSM-IV | Cognition (ERFC French version) | 3 |
|
| Hwang and Choi [23] | 2010 | Korea | 10/8 | 81.5 | NA | NA | A dance program consisting mainly of upper body exercises, with a 10-minute warm-up and warm-down | Usual care | 8 weeks | Clinical | Cognition (MMSE) | 2 |
|
| Venturelli et al. [24] | 2011 | Italy | 12/12 | 84.0 | 37.5 | Nursing home | A minimum of 30 minutes of moderate walking 4 times a week for 6 months | Usual care at the home, which consisted of bingo, sewing, and music therapy | 6 months | Clinical | Cognition (MMSE), ADL (Barthel index of ADL) | 5 |
|
| Vreugdenhil et al. [25] | 2012 | Australia | 20/20 | 74.1 | 40.0 | Outpatient memory disorders clinic | Exercises progressively became more challenging, and targeted strength and balance | Usual care | 4 months | DSM-IV | Cognition (ADAS-cog), ADL (The instrumental ADL), depression (GDS) | 6 |
|
| Volkers [26] | 2012 | The Netherlands | 50/38 | 82.1 | NA | NA | Supervised walks | Usual care | 18 months | Clinical | Cognition (MMSE) | 3 |
|
| Yang et al. [27] | 2015 | China | 25/25 | 72.0 | 34.0 | Neurology clinic | 5 min warm-up, 30 min target intensity exercise, 5 min reorganization movement | Health education | 3 months | NINDS-AIREN and MMSE | Cognition (MMSE, adas-cog), ADL (Qol-AD) | 3 |
|
| Ohman et al. [28] | 2016 | Finland | 70/70 | 78.1 | 63.6 | Community | Dual-task exercises, and strength, balance, endurance, and aerobic training; aerobic, endurance, balance, and strength training, and dual tasking | Usual care | 12 months | NINCDS-ADRDA | Cognition (CDT, VF, CDR, MMASE) | 5 |
|
| Toots et al. [29] | 2016 | Sweden | 93/93 | 85.1 | 24.2 | Residential care facilities | High-intensity functional exercise program, which aims to improve lower limb strength, balance, and mobility | Seated control activity | 7 months | DSM-IV-TR | Cognition (BBS), ADL (FIM and Barthel index of ADLs), depression (GDS) | 6 |
|
| Hoffmann et al. [30] | 2016 | Denmark | 107/93 | 70.5 | 56.5 | NA | The first four weeks of exercise (adaption) emphasized getting used to exercising and building up strength, primarily of the lower extremities (twice weekly). Participants were also introduced to aerobic exercise (once weekly). For the remaining 12 weeks, patients performed aerobic exercise of moderate-to-high intensity (in total 3 × 10 min on an ergometer bicycle, cross trainer, and treadmill with 2–5 min rest between) | Usual care | 16 weeks | NINCDS-ADRDA | Cognition (SDMT), ADL (ADCS-ADL), depression (HAMD-17) | 5 |
|
| Barreto et al. [31] | 2017 | France | 44/47 | 87.6 | 15.4 | Nursing home | 10 minutes of warm-up, 10 minutes of coordination and balance exercises, 10–15 minutes of muscle strengthening, 20 minutes of aerobic exercise, and 5–10 minutes of cool down | Music mediation or arts and crafts | 24 weeks | DSM-IV and MMSE | Cognition (MMSE), ADL (ADCS-ADL-sev) | 6 |
|
| Bürge et al. [32] | 2017 | Switzerland | 78/82 | 81.4 | 48.8 | Psychiatric hospital | Squatting at different levels (or repeated stand-ups from a chair), lateral elevation of the legs in a standing position, and rising on the toes | Watching videos about different topics or playing together | 6 weeks | CIM-10, and CDR | ADL (Barthel index of ADLs) | 6 |
|
| Lamb et al. [33] | 2018 | UK | 278/137 | 77.3 | 60.7 | National health service primary care, community and memory services | Arm exercises using hand held dumb bells, including at least a biceps curl and, for more able individuals, shoulder forward raise, lateral raise, or press exercises, and leg strength training exercises using a sit-to-stand weighted vest (all proexercise products, FL) or a waist belt (Rehabus, Lerum, Sweden), or both | Usual care | 12 months | DSM-IV and MMSE | Cognition (ADAS-cog), ADL (Bristol ADL) | 5 |
|
