Effects of Norspermidine on Dual‐Species Biofilms Composed of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis

Figure 3

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) in S. mutans and S. sanguinis dual-species biofilms. (a) EPS and bacterial staining of dual-species biofilm: (A–E) biofilm staining in the 0.0 mM norspermidine group, 7.0 mM norspermidine group, 3.5 mM norspermidine group, pH-adjusted (pH = 7.0) 7.0 mM norspermidine group, and pH-adjusted (pH = 7.0) 3.5 mM norspermidine group, respectively (bacteria were stained green and EPS was stained red, scale bar = 50 μm); (b) EPS/bacteria ratio in dual-species biofilm according to coverage area; (c) water-insoluble glucans in biofilm of different groups. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and values with dissimilar letters are significantly different from each other ().

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