Effects of Norspermidine on Dual‐Species Biofilms Composed of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis

Figure 1

Single-species biofilm formation under the effects of norspermidine: (a) crystal violet staining of S. mutans and S. sanguinis biofilms under the effects of norspermidine; quantitative analysis of crystal violet staining of S. mutans biofilm (b) and S. sanguinis biofilm (c) under the effects of norspermidine. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and values with dissimilar letters are significantly different from each other ().

(a)

(b)

(c)