Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases in Workers: Role of Standard and Advanced Echocardiography

Figure 5

A 48-year-old male patient with dilated cardiomyopathy from previous myocarditis and systolic dysfunction. Patient was on medical therapy. (a) LV dilatation and septal (IVS) and posterior wall (PW) hypokinesia by M-mode echocardiography. (b) Two-dimensional four-chamber apical view showing LV end-systolic dilatation and mitral valve (MV) regurgitation. (c) Three-dimensional four-chamber apical view showing LV dilatation and severe systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction = 32%). (d) Calculation of three-dimensional right ventricular volumes showing right ventricular ejection fraction at lower normal limits (45%). GLS = global longitudinal strain; IVS = interventricular septum; LV = left ventricle; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; PW = LV posterior wall; RA = right atrium; RV = right ventricle; RVEF = right ventricular ejection fraction.

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