Effects of Physical Activity on Motor Skills and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Design quality analysis.

Articles	Randomization	Control	Pre-post	Retention	Missing data	Power analysis	Validity measure	Follow-up	Score	Effectiveness
Adamo et al. [34]	+	+	+	+	−	−	+	−	5	Yes
Bellows et al. [35]	+	+	+	+	−	−	+	+	6	Yes
Bonvin et al. [36]	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	8	NA
Hardy et al. [37]	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	7	Yes
Jones et al. [38]	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	−	6	Yes
Laukkanen et al. [39]	+	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	7	Yes
Reilly et al. [40]	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	+	7	Yes
Robinson & Goodway [41]	+	+	+	+	+	−	+	−	6	Yes
Salem et al. [42]	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	7	Yes/NA
Zask et al. [43]	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	7	Yes
Barnett et al. [44]	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	−	6	Yes
Fisher et al. [27]	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	−	7	Yes
Mavilidi et al. [45]	+	+	+	+	+	−	+	+	7	Yes
Mavilidi et al. [46]	+	+	+	+	+	−	+	−	6	Yes
Puder et al. [47]	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	8	NA

Note. “+” refers to positive (explicitly described and present in details); “−” refers to negative (inadequately described and absent); “Yes” indicates significant positive effect; NA indicates no significant effect; +/NA represents significant improvements which were found on several measures while no significant effects were observed on other measures; median score = 7.