Research Article
Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries
Table 5
Per-country analysis for outpatient out-of-pocket payments.
| Country | AT | BE | CH | CZ | DE | DK | ES | FR | GR | IT | NL | PL | SE | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR |
| Service use (0 = no; 1 = yes) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Current smoker | | | 0.84 | | | | 0.87 | 0.77 | 0.98 | | 0.80 | | 0.82 | Former smoker | 1.23 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 1.31 | 1.08 | | 1.15 | | 0.84 | | Light alcohol consumption | 1.36 | 1.20 | 0.75 | 0.83 | | 0.91 | | 1.24 | | 1.09 | 1.06 | | 0.90 | Heavy alcohol consumption | 1.96 | 0.84 | | 0.54 | | 0.96 | 0.84 | | | 1.04 | 0.91 | | 1.17 | Preobese | 0.97 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 1.26 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | | 1.00 | 1.22 | 0.90 | | 0.85 | Obese | 0.84 | 1.04 | | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.35 | 0.72 | 1.59 | 0.87 | 1.09 | 1.02 | | | Payments (0 = no; 1 = yes) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Current smoker | | 1.03 | 1.31 | 0.89 | 1.15 | | 1.16 | 1.24 | 0.98 | 0.92 | | | 0.89 | Former smoker | 0.77 | | 1.09 | 1.25 | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.38 | 1.05 | 0.90 | | 0.84 | | 0.82 | Light alcohol consumption | 0.81 | 0.86 | | | | 1.22 | 1.00 | 1.27 | 0.93 | | | 1.23 | 1.28 | Heavy alcohol consumption | 0.73 | | | 1.48 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.90 | | 1.17 | | 1.22 | 2.16 | Preobese | 1.01 | | 1.11 | 0.82 | 1.06 | | 1.14 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 0.92 | 0.89 | | | Obese | 1.04 | | 0.86 | | 0.96 | | | 0.92 | 0.96 | | 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.13 | High payments (0 = no; 1 = yes) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Current smoker | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 1.93 | 0.79 | 1.18 | 1.26 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.06 | 0.84 | 1.07 | 1.22 | Former smoker | 1.29 | 0.88 | 1.09 | 1.43 | 1.07 | | 2.09 | 1.17 | 1.11 | 0.87 | 1.08 | 0.90 | 1.16 | Light alcohol consumption | 1.33 | 0.92 | | | 1.14 | 0.78 | 0.98 | 0.82 | 0.86 | 1.08 | 1.04 | — | 1.12 | Heavy alcohol consumption | 0.36 | 1.18 | 0.82 | 3.12 | 1.09 | 0.81 | 2.79 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 0.66 | 1.49 | — | 1.11 | Preobese | 0.92 | 0.91 | | | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.33 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 1.00 | 1.23 | 2.21 | 1.11 | Obese | 0.87 | 0.93 | | | 1.27 | 1.10 | 1.61 | | | | | 0.99 | 0.96 |
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Significant at 1% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 10% level. AT, Austria; BE, Belgium; CH, Switzerland; CZ, Czech Republic; DE, Germany; DK, Denmark; ES, Spain; FR, France; GR, Greece; IT, Italy; NL, Netherlands; PL, Poland; SE, Sweden.
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