Research Article
Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries
Table 4
Two part model for prescribed drug out-of-pocket payments.
| | First part: logit Either paid or not | Second part: log transformation The amount of OOP (log) | | OR | 95% CI | Coeff | 95% CI | | L | U | L | U |
| Daily smoking | | | | | | | Current smoker | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 0.00 | | | Former smoker | 1.04 | 0.97 | 1.11 | 0.06 | | | Alcohol consumption | | | | | | | Not excessive alcohol use | 1.04 | 0.97 | 1.11 | −0.21 | | | Excessive alcohol use | 0.95 | 0.85 | 1.08 | −0.26 | | | BMI | | | | | | | Preobese | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.17 | 0.02 | | | Obese | 1.08 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 0.07 | | | Age | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.01 | | | Female | 1.33 | 1.25 | 1.41 | 0.03 | | | Living with partner | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.98 | −0.02 | | | Years of education | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 0.01 | | | Willingness to take financial risk | | | | | | | Substantial financial risk | 1.27 | 0.93 | 1.73 | 0.05 | | | Above average financial risk | 1.18 | 1.01 | 1.37 | | | | The average financial risk | 1.24 | 1.13 | 1.36 | | | | Not willing to take any risk | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.23 | | | | Household size | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.97 | | | | Annual household net income | | | | | | | 1th quartile | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.99 | | | | 2th quartile | 1.01 | 0.93 | 1.09 | | | | 3th quartile | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.17 | | | | Household net asset | | | | | | | 1th quartile | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.14 | | | | 2th quartile | 1.10 | 1.02 | 1.19 | | | | 3th quartile | 1.07 | 0.99 | 1.15 | | | | Self-perceived health | 1.92 | 1.80 | 2.05 | | | | Number of chronic diseases | 1.47 | 1.42 | 1.51 | | | | Number of symptoms | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.14 | | | | Country dummies | | | | | | | Austria | 31.19 | 25.48 | 38.18 | | | | Belgium | 31.70 | 27.21 | 36.93 | | | | Czech republic | 21.46 | 18.44 | 24.98 | | | | Denmark | 14.80 | 12.75 | 17.18 | | | | Germany | 16.23 | 13.98 | 18.85 | | | | Greece | 18.80 | 16.24 | 21.75 | | | | France | 2.30 | 1.99 | 2.66 | | | | Italy | 12.92 | 11.16 | 14.95 | | | | Poland | 22.80 | 19.39 | 26.81 | | | | Spain | 2.17 | 1.85 | 2.55 | | | | Sweden | 22.21 | 19.05 | 25.90 | | | | Switzerland | 9.12 | 7.75 | 10.73 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.88 | Constant | | | | 2.90 | 2.70 | 3.10 |
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With reference to Netherlands. Significant at 1% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 10% level.
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