Research Article
Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries
Table 2
Results of sequential logit for outpatient out-of-pocket payment.
| | Either used or not | Either paid or not | Either paid high or low amount | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | L | U | L | U | L | U |
| Daily smoking | | | | | | | | | | Current smoker | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.90 | 1.14 | Former smoker | 1.15 | 1.05 | 1.26 | 1.07 | 0.99 | 1.15 | 1.10 | 1.002 | 1.21 | Alcohol consumption | | | | | | | | | | Not excessive alcohol use | 0.97 | 0.89 | 1.06 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 1.26 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 1.04 | Excessive alcohol use | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.90 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 1.24 | Body mass index | | | | | | | | | | Preobese | 1.06 | 0.98 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 1.07 | Obese | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.09 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.91 | 1.15 | Age | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | Female | 1.36 | 1.26 | 1.47 | 1.17 | 1.10 | 1.26 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.22 | Living with partner | 0.94 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 1.10 | Years of education | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.04 | Willingness to take financial risk | | | | | | | | | | Substantial financial risk | 1.17 | 0.81 | 1.71 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 0.77 | 1.93 | Above average financial risk | 1.25 | 1.03 | 1.50 | 1.38 | 1.13 | 1.68 | 1.16 | 0.96 | 1.40 | The average financial risk | 1.12 | 0.99 | 1.26 | 1.33 | 1.20 | 1.47 | 1.21 | 1.06 | 1.38 | Not willing to take any risk | 1.04 | 0.95 | 1.13 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.13 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.10 | Household size | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.04 | Annual household net income | | | | | | | | | | 1th quartile | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 1.06 | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 2th quartile | 0.99 | 0.89 | 1.10 | 1.13 | 1.03 | 1.24 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 3th quartile | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 1.15 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 1.01 | Household net asset | | | | | | | | | | 1th quartile | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 2th quartile | 0.97 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 1.02 | 3th quartile | 0.97 | 0.88 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 0.88 | 1.10 | Self-perceived health | 1.60 | 1.48 | 1.73 | 1.07 | 0.99 | 1.16 | 1.35 | 1.23 | 1.49 | Number of chronic diseases | 1.97 | 1.87 | 2.07 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.03 | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.18 | Number of symptoms | 1.27 | 1.23 | 1.32 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.10 | 1.07 | 1.13 | Country dummies | | | | | | | | | | Austria | 1.88 | 1.48 | 2.38 | 0.81 | 0.65 | 1.01 | 1.38 | 0.91 | 2.08 | Belgium | 2.87 | 2.40 | 3.44 | 7.18 | 6.26 | 8.24 | 1.01 | 0.80 | 1.26 | Czech republic | 2.29 | 1.92 | 2.74 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.88 | 0.63 | 1.23 | Denmark | 1.11 | 0.95 | 1.30 | 2.27 | 1.96 | 2.63 | 1.10 | 0.85 | 1.42 | France | 3.98 | 3.25 | 4.87 | 0.69 | 0.59 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.70 | 1.26 | Germany | 2.22 | 1.86 | 2.66 | 6.88 | 5.96 | 7.94 | 2.13 | 1.68 | 2.70 | Greece | 1.06 | 0.91 | 1.23 | 5.47 | 4.74 | 6.32 | 1.18 | 0.93 | 1.51 | Italy | 1.57 | 1.33 | 1.85 | 3.02 | 2.61 | 3.48 | 1.05 | 0.82 | 1.35 | Poland | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.76 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.47 | 1.07 | 0.72 | 1.60 | Spain | 1.65 | 1.37 | 1.99 | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.73 | 1.29 | 0.89 | 1.89 | Sweden | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.95 | | 58.54 | 91.01 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 1.26 | Switzerland | 1.50 | 1.25 | 1.80 | 9.60 | 8.10 | 11.37 | 1.27 | 0.99 | 1.64 |
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With reference to Netherlands. Significant at 1% level, significant at 5% level, and significant at 10% level.
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