Patient Payment and Unhealthy Behavior: A Comparison across European Countries

Table 1

Sample Characteristics. Health-related behavior and out-of-pocket (OOP) payments.

	Austria	Belgium	Czech Republic	Denmark	France	Germany	Greece	Italy	Netherland	Poland	Spain	Sweden	Switzerland	Total
Daily smoking
Current (%)	15.4	17.5	21.2	26.4	13.8	16.8	28.9	17.0	22.3	25.7	15.4	14.5	18.8	19.8
Former (%)	20.2	31.3	18.8	35.2	28.8	27.0	17.1	26.0	40.4	28.4	21.2	36.1	25.2	27.9
Never (%)	64.4	51.3	60.0	38.4	57.4	56.2	54.1	57.0	37.3	45.9	63.4	46.4	56.0	52.3
	1199	3139	2801	2570	2922	2529	3231	2969	2605	2448	2200	2713	1450	32776
Alcohol consumption
Heavy (%)	3.5	10.8	4.0	10.2	10.2	4.7	5.1	8.6	10.8	1.7	5.6	1.4	6.9	6.6
Light (%)	65.1	68.1	55.7	81.6	63.6	72.9	52.7	45.7	65.5	50.5	37.1	81.0	78.9	62.3
Not at all (%)	31.3	21.2	40.4	8.2	26.3	22.4	42.2	45.7	23.7	47.9	57.3	17.6	14.3	31.1
	1331	3138	2797	2558	2905	2539	3236	2975	2619	2448	2217	2705	1445	32913
Body Mass Index
	24.5	18.9	24.2	14.6	16.0	17.7	20.2	18.5	14.9	25.7	25.0	16.0	12.8	19.0
	38.4	40.5	46.8	38.3	38.1	44.8	47.5	44.5	41.4	41.0	47.4	39.4	37.1	42.3
	35.0	38.3	28.2	44.8	43.8	36.7	31.7	36.1	42.5	31.9	26.6	42.1	47.4	37.2
	2.2	2.2	0.7	2.4	2.2	0.8	0.6	0.9	1.3	1.4	1.1	2.5	2.7	1.5
	1160	3070	2769	2549	2840	2491	3215	2912	2526	2425	2016	2682	1433	32088
Outpatient OOP
Mean	330	176	84	392	247	137	322	605	378	123	489	273	698	320
SD	546	601	155	950	542	479	619	1432	788	248	974	2631	2056	1477
	178	1866	246	923	391	1477	1450	1010	446	158	207	2306	900	11558
Inpatient OOP
Mean	229	623	75	918	476	159	1878	1639	233	127	934	76	1128	509
SD	485	2227	94	780	1279	262	3252	3125	290	186	1438	120	3027	1763
	235	407	34	5	125	330	134	46	12	40	24	331	110	1833
Prescribed drug OOP
Mean	199	282	61	242	116	115	185	260	135	333	166	179	204	200
SD	291	395	105	342	201	216	303	1215	213	2914	414	2154	455	1226
	1070	2590	2184	1709	912	1825	2225	1973	376	1958	608	2030	756	20216

Out-of-pocket payment if made.