Risks of Mycotoxins from Mycoinsecticides to Humans

Table 1

NRP mycotoxins of fugal entomopathogens.

Mycotoxin name	Producing fungal entomopathogen	Bioactivity	References
Cicadapeptins	Cordyceps heteropoda; Isaria sinclairii	Inhibits acetylcholine- (Ach-) evoked secretion Antibacterial activity	[40–42]
Culicinins	Culicinomyces clavisporus	Inhibits breast tumor cells	[43, 44]
Efrapeptins	Tolypocladium spp.	Insecticidal activity; anti-immunity; antifungal activities; inhibitors of F1F0-ATPase	[45, 46]
Neoefrapeptins	Geotrichum candidum	Insecticidal activities	[47]
Bassianolides	Beauveria bassiana; Verticillium lecanii	Inhibit muscle contraction; Insecticidal activities	[48]
Beauvericins	Beauveria spp.; Paecilomyces spp.	Insecticidal; Fungicidal activity; Cytotoxic; Antitumor	[28, 49–51]
Beauverolides	Beauveria spp.; Paecilomyces spp.	Inhibits insect immunity	[26]
Beauveriolides	Beauveria spp.	Antiatherogenic; Antiobesity activities	[26]
Conoideocrellide	Conoideocrella tenuis; Paecilomyces militaris		[52]
Paecilodepsipeptides	Paecilomyces cinnamomeus	Antiproliferative activity; Antitumor activity	[52–55]
Cordycommunin	Ophiocordyceps communis	Inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis	[56]
Destruxins	Metarhizium anisopliae; Aschersonia sp.	Insecticidal; Herbicidal; Cytotoxic	[26, 32, 33, 57]
Hirsutellides	Hirsutella kobayasii	Antimalarial	[58]
Hirsutides	Hirsutella spp.		[59]
Isariins	Isaria cretacea	Insecticidal activity	[26, 60]
Isaridins	Isaria spp.	Inhibits growth of Plasmodium falciparum	[26, 61, 62]
Isarolides	Isaria spp.		[26]
Serinocyclins	Metarhizium anisopliae	Insecticidal activity	[63]
Verticilides	Verticillium spp.	Inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase of CHO cells; Inhibits ryanodine receptors of cockroach	[64–66]
Cyclosporines	Beauveria; Verticillium; Trichoderma polysporum; Cylindrocarpon lucidum	Insecticidal activities; Immunosuppressive effect	[26]
Cordyheptapeptides	Cordyceps spp.	Antimalarial activity; Cytotoxicity to Vero cell lines	[67, 68]