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Material | Nanomaterial description | Antibiofilm devices | Antimicrobial mechanism of NPs |
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Inorganic NPs | Silver NPs [12ā15] Surface engineered gold NPs [16]
| Urethral catheters, central venous catheters Ventricular drain catheters
| Released silver ion interacts with sulfhydryl groups of bacteria and interferes with cell membrane integrity, enzyme activities, respiratory chains, and cell proliferations [17]. Highly positive surface charge disrupts the network of EPS. |
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Organic NPs | Quaternary ammonium chitosan NPs [18] PEG stabilized lipid NPs [19]
| Bone and dental cements | Long cationic polymer chains penetrate the cell membrane and can induce ion exchange to disrupt biofilm |
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Metallic/metal-polymer nanocomposites | Ag-Ti composites [20] Silver or antibiotic conjugated NPs [21, 22] Silver conjugated silicone NPs [23] Diamond like carbon-metal nanocomposites [24] Silicone containing antibiotic loaded liposome [25] Polymeric silver NPs [26] Silver nanoparticle coated surfaces [27] Polycationic NPs [28] | Face masks Heart valve Catheter against fungi Pedicle screws | Highly positive surface charge disrupts the network of EPS Silver ions bound with deoxyribonucleic acid and interfere with electron transport, injuring bacterial enzymes and causing biofilm disruption |
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Metallic/metal-polymer nanocomposites | ZnO NP incorporated titanium implants [29] TiO2 nanotube arrays [30] Ag NP conjugated poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)-co-acrylic acid (PEGDA-AA) hydrogel coatings on a Ti substrate Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) loaded TiO2 nanotubes [31] Ciprofloxacin-loaded nanochitosan coated Ti implants [32] Polymeric NP based photodynamic therapy [33] | Orthopedic implants
| ZnO alter protein adsorptions and intracellular mechanisms Positive surface of QAS disintegrates the negatively charged bacteria Released ciprofloxacin inhibits enzymes including DNA gyrase, and topoisomerase causes bacterial disruption Free radicals interact with endogenous molecular oxygen to produce ROS, superoxide hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide damages bacteria membrane integrity and causes irreparable bacteria lysis |
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Metallic/metal-polymer nanocomposites | Ti implant surfaces with ZnO NPs [34] Nanostructured titania coating with Ag NPs [35] Antibiotic incorporated silk fibroin NPs coated titanium surface [36] Nanosilver-endodontic filling and dental adhesives [37, 38] | Oral implants Endodontic filling and dental adhesives
| Direct contact, ZnO release, ROS generation Irreversible binding of gentamycin disrupts bacteria |
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Metallic/metal-polymer nanocomposites | Silica NPs [39] Hydrogel containing Ag NPs [40] Zn-CuO nanocoating on contact lenses [41] Quaternized chitosan loaded Ag NPs and antifungal agent conjugated graphene oxide [42] | Contact lenses | Released Ag ions disintegrate the bacteria and inhibit biofilm development Voriconazole inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting 14-alpha sterol demethylase which produced antifungal activity. |
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