|
| Sample type and location (vegetables) | Zn (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cu (mg/kg) range (mean) | Fe (mg/kg) range (mean) | Mn (mg/kg) range and (mean) | Cd (mg/kg) range (mean) | Cr (mg/kg) range (mean) | Ni (mg/kg) range (mean) | Pb (mg/kg) range (mean) | As (mg/kg) range (mean) | Ref. |
|
1 | EU | — | — | — | — | 0.05–0.2 | — | — | 0.1–0.3 | — | [90] |
|
2 | Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Irrigated by sewage water | (26.169) | (28.56) | (500) | (104.10) | (3.20) | (3.93) | (28.0) | (10.43) | | |
Irrigated by sewage + tube well water | (16.38) | (26.66) | (430) | (73.26) | (0.35) | (2.14) | (7.1) | (4.10) | | |
Irrigated by tube well water | (7.71) | (8.30) | (24.57) | (15.30) | (0.005) | (0.004) | (0.13) | (0.16) | | [23] |
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | | |
Irrigated by sewage water | (20.05) | (22.91) | (353.8) | (104.10) | (2.60) | (3.09) | (20.8) | (9.35) | | |
Irrigated by sewage + tube well water | (11.53) | (20.45) | (300.12) | (73.26) | (0.36) | (1.77) | (6.03) | (2.13) | | |
Irrigated by tube well water | (4.26) | (6.32) | (16.221) | (15.30) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.11) | (0.18) | | |
|
3 | Withania somnifera collected from different locations of KPK province | — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — | [91] |
Root | | 0.26–0.32 | 10.9–13.5 | 1.67–3.5 | — | 0.03–0.07 | 0.05–0.08 | 0.06–0.16 | | |
Stems | | 0.36–0.38 | 7.28–12.9 | 1.52–2.42 | 0.01–0.06 | 0.02–0.05 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.04–0.46 | | |
Leaves | | 0.28–0.40 | 14.6–19.74 | 1.52–6.27 | 0.02 | 0.06–0.10 | 0.05–0.17 | 0.10–0.23 | | |
|
4 | Gilgit, Northern Pakistan ( = 5) | — | — | — | — | — | | — | — | — | |
M. sylvestris | (247) | (20) | | | (0.24) | | (10) | (20) | | [73] |
B. campestris | (271) | (17) | | | (0.62) | | (04) | (17) | | |
S. oleracea | (40) | (11) | | | (2.10) | | (07) | (18) | | |
M. sylvestris | (78) | (28) | | | (0.67) | | (20) | (44) | | |
C. intybus | (240) | (48) | | | (0.81) | | (12) | (42) | | |
T. repens | (50) | (15) | | | (0.86) | | (12) | (18) | | |
A. viridis | (50) | (17) | | | (0.79) | | (11) | (16) | | |
P. oleracea | (96) | (09) | | | (0.94) | | (10) | (16) | | |
B. oleracea | (115) | (17) | | | (0.72) | | (24) | (35) | | |
L. sativa | (54) | (24) | | | (0.84) | | (11) | (15) | | |
M. neglecta | (07) | (75) | | | (1.55) | | (15) | (10) | | |
|
5 | Industrial area, Faisalabad, Punjab | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Leaves | — | — | | | — | — | | — | | [92] |
Spinach | (0.461) | (0.923) | | | (0.035) | (0.217) | | (2.251) | | |
Coriander | (0.705) | (0.653) | | | (0.062) | (0.369) | | (2.652) | | |
Lettuce | (0.743) | (0.851) | | | (0.049) | (0.434) | | (2.411) | | |
Radish | (1.893) | (0.273) | | | (0.033) | (0.288) | | (2.035) | | |
Cabbage | (0.777) | (0.252) | | | (0.073) | (0.336) | | (1.921) | | |
Cauliflower | (0.678) | (0.323) | | | (0.064) | (0.546) | | (1.331) | | |
Stem | — | — | | | — | — | | — | | |
Spinach | (0.361) | (0.529) | | | (0.061) | (0.492) | | (1.193) | | |
Coriander | (0.874) | (0.855) | | | (0.026) | (0.376) | | (1.642) | | |
Lettuce | (0.498) | (0.751) | | | (0.015) | (0.495) | | (1.883) | | |
Radish | (0.813) | (0.346) | | | (0.017) | (0.386) | | (2.161) | | |
Cabbage | (0.539) | (0.161) | | | (0.023) | (0.426) | | (1.624) | | |
Cauliflower | (0.456) | (0.207) | | | (0.025) | (0.386) | | (1.313) | | |
Roots | — | — | | | — | — | | — | | |
Spinach | (0.781) | (0.391) | | | (0.052) | (0.511) | | (1.121) | | |
Coriander | (0.745) | (0.931) | | | (0.026) | (0.502) | | (1.531) | | |
Lettuce | (1.637) | (0.352) | | | (0.015) | (0.511) | | (1.854) | | |
Radish | (0.813) | (0.462) | | | (0.051) | (0.489) | | (2.254) | | |
Cabbage | (0.442) | (0.361) | | | (0.013) | (0.543) | | (1.152) | | |
Cauliflower | (0.564) | (0.221) | | | (0.011) | (0.338) | | (1.222) | | |
|
6 | South East part of Sindh | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Irrigated with lake water | | | | | | | | | — | |
Bitter gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.811) | [70] |
Brinjal | | | | | | | | | (0.570) | |
Carrot | | | | | | | | | (0.135) | |
Coriander | | | | | | | | | (0.985) | |
Okra | | | | | | | | | (0.894) | |
Onion | | | | | | | | | (0.048) | |
Potatoes | | | | | | | | | (0.256) | |
Sponge gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.504) | |
Spinach | | | | | | | | | (0.90) | |
Peppermint | | | | | | | | | (1.20) | |
Irrigated with canal water | | | | | | | | | — | |
Bitter gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.275) | |
Brinjal | | | | | | | | | (0.350) | |
Carrot | | | | | | | | | (0.058) | |
Coriander | | | | | | | | | (0.185) | |
Okra | | | | | | | | | (0.324) | |
Onion | | | | | | | | | (0.018) | |
Potatoes | | | | | | | | | (0.0565) | |
Sponge gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.187) | |
Spinach | | | | | | | | | (0.187) | |
Peppermint | | | | | | | | | (0.450) | |
|
7 | Sindh, Pakistan () | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [93] |
Leafy vegetables (coriander, methi, spinach, and mint) | | | | | (0.083) — | | | (0.050) — | (0.042) — | |
Tuberous vegetables (arum, onion, potato, radish, sugar beet, turnip) | | | | | (0.057) — | | | (0.03) — | (0.045) — | |
Cucurbit vegetables (bitter ground, cucumber, Indian squash, pumpkin) | | | | | (0.021) — | | | (0.051) — | (0.056) — | |
Fruity vegetables (brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, chilies, French bean, okra, tomato) | | | | | (0.035) | | | (0.067) | (0.054) | |
|
8 | Vegetables from Faiz Ganj, Punjab | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [94] |
Okra | | | | | | | | | (0.20) | |
Sponge gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.360) | |
Brinjal | | | | | | | | | (0.170) | |
Bittle gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.275) | |
Bottle gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.390) | |
Cluster beans | | | | | | | | | (0.603) | |
Spinach | | | | | | | | | (0.280) | |
Peppermint | | | | | | | | | (1.01) | |
Indian squash | | | | | | | | | (0.804) | |
Peas | | | | | | | | | (0.630) | |
Vegetables from Thari Mirwah | | | | | | | | | — | |
Okra | | | | | | | | | (0.80) | |
Sponge gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.504) | |
Brinjal | | | | | | | | | (0.390) | |
Bittle gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.811) | |
Bottle gourd | | | | | | | | | (1.05) | |
Cluster beans | | | | | | | | | (0.734) | |
Spinach | | | | | | | | | (0.90) | |
Peppermint | | | | | | | | | (1.20) | |
Indian squash | | | | | | | | | (1.30) | |
Peas | | | | | | | | | (0.910) | |
Vegetables from Gambat | | | | | | | | | — | |
Okra | | | | | | | | | (0.890) | |
Sponge Gourd | | | | | | | | | (0.612) | |
Brinjal | | | | | | | | | (0.570) | |
Bittle Gourd | | | | | | | | | (1.11) | |
Bottle Gourd | | | | | | | | | (1.25) | |
Cluster beans | | | | | | | | | (1.30) | |
Spinach | | | | | | | | | (1.10) | |
Peppermint | | | | | | | | | (1.70) | |
Indian squash | | | | | | | | | (1.63) | |
Peas | | | | | | | | | (1.03) | |
|
9 | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) collected from three different localities of Quetta, Balochistan | 48.5–94.37 (76.457) | — | — | 21.38–32.46 (26.11) | 2.49–7.45 (5.63) | — | 0.76–3.59 (3.08) | 1.85–8.58 (5.94) | — | [95] |
|
10 | Local and important vegetable | | | | | | | | | — | [96] |
Onion | (37.6) | (4.8) | (47.4) | (8.24) | (0.6) | (1.13) | (0.89) | (3.04) | | |
Potato | (37.66) | (6.7) | (44.3) | (5.27) | (0.66) | (2.1) | (0.59) | (2.2) | | |
|
11 | Vegetables irrigated with sewage water, Peshawar, KPK | — | — | — | — | — — | — — | 0.4–56 (30.78) | — — | — | [78] |
Leaves of 40 different vegetables | | | | | (12.37) | (3.74) | 0.4–67.8 | (15.58) | | |
Edible portion of 40 different vegetables | | | | | (27.67) | (7.56) | (30.14) | (27.49) | | |
|
12 | Vegetables collected from local market of Shorkot, Sindh | 0.245–3.873 | 0.109–0.401 | 3.45–41.28 | 0.220–3.334 | 0.002–0.627 | 0.211–1.298 | 0.117–1.190 | 0.046–1.159 | — | [97] |
|
13 | Vegetables irrigated with waste water, Lahore, Punjab | — — | — — | — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — — | — | [63] |
Potato | 10.35–42.8 (21.77) | 1.09–6.12 (4.16) | | 10.43–30.91 (17.77) | 0.08–0.35 (0.21) | 0.88–2.61 (1.60) | 1.29–19.02 (6.04) | 0.19–0.63 (0.49) | | |
Cabbage | 21.98–53.91 (37.76) | 1.63–7.8 (4.92) | | 9.29–30.2 (17.26) | 0.17–0.36 (0.27) | 2–4.019 (3.06) | 0.96–14.67 (5.046) | 1.88–4.23 (2.86) | | |
Cauliflower | 20.98–55.91 (35.44) | 2.1–6.09 (4.49) | | 6.57–11.18 (9.06) | 0.18–0.31 (0.23) | 1.15–4.15 (2.15) | 0.76–8.91 (2.95) | 0.91–3.07 (1.66) | | |
Brassica | 35.43–63.91 (47.10) | 1.84–10.17 (5.42) | | 57.84–81.01 (69.9) | 0.32–1.73 (1.08) | 1.37–4.87 (2.62) | 1.00–21.91 (6.43) | 1.12–4.03 (2.77) | | |
Turnip | 21.17–35.25 (28.53) | 2.87–6.5 (4.90) | | 14.47–25.83 (19.5) | 0.20–0.67 (0.36) | 0.29–3.02 (1.44) | 1.02–32.51 (5.76) | 0.19–1.29 (0.77) | | |
Spinach | 18.18–31.26 (25.86) | 2.14–10.94 (5.77) | | 11.83–21.73 (16.58) | 1.20–3.08 (1.90) | 1.37–4.27 (2.42) | 0.18–11.1 (3.65) | 1.88–4.19 (2.9) | | |
Beet | 34.73–60.26 (45.65) | 1.9–6.49 (4.1) | | 67.39–87.37 (76.26) | 019–0.23 (0.21) | 0.29–2.61 (1.31) | 1.1–31.03 (6.23) | 0.21–0.93 (0.64) | | |
Garlic | 19.71–29.05 (24.64) | 1.17–8.35 (4.70) | | 16.84–27.09 (21) | 0.09–0.27 (0.19) | 3.18–5.01 (4.1) | 0.87–20.67 (9.85) | 0.71–0.31 (0.38) | | |
Carrot | 14.04–25.95 (19.39) | 1.9–9.51 (5.34) | | 11.34–22.85 (17.45) | 0.11–0.57 (0.29) | 0.98–3.01 (1.92) | 1.13–9.97 (5.33) | 1.01–1.97 (1.97) | | |
Coriander | 33.83–48.26 (39.69) | 1.57–4.94 (4.95) | | — (28) | 0.13–0.61 (0.31) | 1.23–4.37 (2.32) | 1.09–15.57 (6.2) | 1.64–2.53 (2.04) | | |
|