Review Article
Side Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Table 1
Risk factors for the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).
| Nonmodifiable risk factors | Modifiable risk factors |
| Advanced age (>65 years) | Large doses and multiple injections of contrast media | Preexisting impairment of renal function | Route of administration | Advanced congestive heart failure | Osmolality of contrast media | Diabetes mellitus | Severe dehydration | Multiple myeloma | Prolonged hypotension | Sepsis | Anemia | Compromised left ventricle systolic performance | Reduction of effective intravascular volume | Renal transplant | Concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs | ā | Concomitant use of ACEi and/or ARBs |
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Abbreviations: ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers.
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