Low-Frequency Low-Intensity Ultrasounds Do Not Influence the Survival and Immune Functions of Cultured Keratinocytes and Dendritic Cells
Figure 2
US at 42 KHz and 0.15 do not alter keratinocyte viability. (a) Keratinocyte cultures treated with 1–3 cycles of US or left untreated were stained with annexin V and PI and analyzed by flow cytometry. As expected, IFN- plus TNF- treatment induced a high percentage of necrotic (10.4%) and apoptotic (52.8%) cells. The x-axis and y-axis indicate the fluorescence intensities of annexin V binding and PI incorporation, respectively. (b) The keratinocyte apoptotic rate was also assessed by measuring caspase 9 expression, whose levels were measured using the fluorescein-labeled inhibitor FAM-LEHD-FMK and cytofluorimetric analysis. Treatment of cultures with IFN- plus TNF- was able to induce a high percentage (85%) of caspase 9-positive cells (M1). The x-axis and y-axis indicate the relative cell number and fluorescence intensity, respectively. Representative experiment of five performed is shown.
