Compared with AC-DC-AC converter, matrix converter (MC) has several advantages for its bidirectional power flow, controllable power factor, and the absence of large energy storage in dc-link. The topology of MC includes direct matrix converter (DMC) and indirect matrix converter (IMC). IMC has received great attention worldwide because of its easy implementation and safe commutation. Space vector PWM (SVM) algorithm for indirect matrix converter is realized on DSP and CPLD platform in this paper. The control of the rectifier and inverter in IMC can be decoupled because of the intermediate dc-link. The space vector modulation scheme for IMC is discussed and the PWM sequences for the rectifier and inverter are generated. And a two-step commutation of zero current switching (ZCS) in the rectifier is achieved. Input power factor of IMC can be changed by adjusting the angle of the reference current vector. Experimental tests have been conducted on a RB-IGBT based indirect matrix converter prototype. The results verify the performance of the SVM algorithm and the ability of power factor correction.

Gang Li

Realization of SVM Algorithm for Indirect Matrix Converter and Its Application in Power Factor Control

The drop in DC-link voltage of adjustable speed drives (ASD) occurs mainly due to the increase in output power demands. This may lead to inefficient operation and eventually the tripping of the drive. This paper presents a Double Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (DSVPWM) technique for boosting and compensating the DC-link voltage of Z-source inverter (ZSI). The DSVPWM technique estimates the required shoot through period of the Z-source inverter to maintain the DC-link voltage constant at the desired level through capacitor voltage control. The DSVPWM can obtain maximum boost at any given modulation index in comparison to simple boost control (SBC) method. It also utilizes the dead time more effectively. The speed control of the ZSI fed induction motor drive is done by employing indirect field-oriented (IFO) control method. A 32-bit DSP (TMS320F28335) is used to implement the IFOC-DSVPWM method for ZSI. The power structure and the modulation technique are well suited for electric vehicle application.

Ananda Kumar Akkarapaka

Dheerendra Singh

An IFOC-DSVPWM Based DC-Link Voltage Compensation of Z-Source Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive for EVs

The accuracy of the lifetime calculation approach of IGBT power modules used in hybrid-electric powertrains suffers greatly from the inaccurate knowledge of application typical load-profiles. To verify the theoretical load-profiles with data from the field this paper presents a concept to record all junction temperature cycles of an IGBT power module during its operation in a test vehicle. For this purpose the IGBT junction temperature is measured with a modified gate driver that determines the temperature sensitive IGBT internal gate resistor by superimposing the negative gate voltage with a high-frequency identification signal. An integrated control unit manages the <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-4.750979pt" id="M1" height="14.0889pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.33792 12.4357 14.0889" width="12.4357pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-85" d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,7.479,3.264)"><path id="g50-75" d="M434 650H168L162 618C248 609 258 608 243 528L174 155C163 93 153 39 138 1C110 -68 67 -98 24 -111L37 -147C55 -144 75 -136 94 -128C185 -87 232 -12 259 139L328 528C342 605 349 609 427 618L434 650Z"/></g></svg> measurement during the regular switching operation, the exchange of data with the system controller, and the automatic calibration of the sensor system. To calculate and store temperature cycles on a microcontroller an online Rainflow counting algorithm was developed. The special feature of this algorithm is a very accurate extraction of lifetime relevant information with a significantly reduced calculation and storage effort. Until now the recording concept could be realized and tested within a laboratory voltage source inverter. Currently the IGBT driver with integrated junction temperature measurement and the online cycle recording algorithm is integrated in the voltage source inverter of first test vehicles. Such research will provide representative load-profiles to verify and optimize the theoretical load-profiles used in today&#x2019;s lifetime calculation.

Marco Denk

Mark-M. Bakran

Online Junction Temperature Cycle Recording of an IGBT Power Module in a Hybrid Car

Electric traction uses three phase locomotives in main line services. Three phase locomotives consist of voltage source inverters for driving the traction motors. This paper proposes a hybrid algorithm for bidirectional Z-source inverters in accelerating region of operation of locomotives. The speed control method adopted is same as that in the existing three phase locomotives which is variable voltage variable frequency. Bidirectional Z-source inverter is designed for getting the same output power as in voltage source inverter fed locomotives. Simulation is done in all regions of traction speed curve, namely, acceleration, free running, and braking by regeneration. The voltage stress across the devices and modulation index are considered while analyzing the proposed control algorithm. It is found that the modulation index remains at a high value over the entire range of frequencies. Due to the higher value of modulation index the harmonics in the inverter output voltage is reduced. Also the voltage stress across devices is limited to a value below the device rating used in the present three phase locomotives. A small scale prototype of the bi-directional Z-source inverter fed drive is developed in the laboratory and the hybrid control was verified in the control topology.

Vasanthi Vijayan

S. Ashok

Hybrid Control for Bidirectional Z-Source Inverter for Locomotives

In many photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion systems,
nonisolated DC-DC converters with high voltage gain are
desired. The PV exhibits a nonlinear power characteristic which
greatly depends on the environmental conditions. Hence in order to
draw maximum available power various algorithms are used with
PV voltage/current or both as an input for the maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) controller. In this paper, golden section
search (GSS) based MPPT control and its application with three-level
DC-DC boost converter for MPPT are demonstrated. The
three-level boost converter provides the high voltage transfer
which enables the high power PV system to work with low size
inductors with high efficiency. The balancing of the voltage across
the two capacitors of the converter and MPPT is achieved using
a simple duty cycle based voltage controller. Detailed simulation
of three-level DC-DC converter topology with GSS algorithm is
carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The validation of
the proposed system is done by the experiments carried out on
hardware prototype of 100&#x2009;W converter with low cost AT&#x2019;mega328
controller as a core controller. From the results, the proposed
system suits as one of the solutions for PV based generation system
and the experimental results show high performance, such as a
conversion efficiency of 94&#x25;.

Chouki Balakishan

N. Sandeep

M. V. Aware

Design and Implementation of Three-Level DC-DC Converter with Golden Section Search Based MPPT for the Photovoltaic Applications

A current source converter (CSC) based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a shunt flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device, which has a vital role as a stability support for small and large transient instability in an interconnected power network. This paper investigates the impact of a novel and robust pole-shifting controller for CSC-STATCOM to improve the transient stability of the multimachine power system. The proposed algorithm utilizes CSC based STATCOM to supply reactive power to the test system to maintain the transient stability in the event of severe contingency. Firstly, modeling and pole-shifting controller design for CSC based STATCOM are stated. After that, we show the impact of the proposed method in the multimachine power system with different disturbances. Here, applicability of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through simulation in MATLAB and the simulation results show an improvement in the transient stability of multimachine power system with CSC-STATCOM. Also clearly shown, the robustness and effectiveness of CSC-STATCOM are better rather than other shunt FACTS devices (SVC and VSC-STATCOM) by comparing the results in this paper.

Sandeep Gupta

Ramesh Kumar Tripathi

Transient Stability Enhancement of Multimachine Power System Using Robust and Novel Controller Based CSC-STATCOM

This paper proposes a simple, accurate, and easy to model approach for the simulation of photovoltaic (PV) array and also provides a comparative analysis of the same with two other widely used models. It is highly imperative that the maximum power point (MPP) is achieved effectively and thus a simple and robust mathematical model is necessary that poses less mathematical complexity as well as low data storage requirement, in which the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm can be realized in an effective way. Further, the resemblance of the <i>P-V</i> and <i>I-V</i> curves as obtained on the basis of experimental data should also be taken into account for theoretical validation. In addition, the study incorporates the root mean square deviation (RMSD) from the experimental data, the fill factor (FF), the efficiency of the model, and the time required for simulation. Two models have been used to investigate the <i>I-V</i> and <i>P-V</i> characteristics. Perturb and Observe method has been adopted for MPPT. The MPP tracking is realized using field programmable gate array (FPGA) to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach. 
All the systems are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Satarupa Bal

Anup Anurag

Mrutyunjaya Nanda

Suman Sourav

Comprehensive Analysis and Experimental Validation of an Improved Mathematical Modeling of Photovoltaic Array

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Advances in Power Electronics