Confinement in QCD results from special properties of vacuum fluctuations of gluon fields. There are two numerically different scales, characterizing nonperturbative
QCD vacuum dynamics: “small” one, 
corresponding to gluon condensate, critical temperature etc, which is about 0.1–0.3 GeV, and a 
“large” one, given by inverse confining string width, 
glueball and gluelump masses, and so forth, which is about 
1.5–2.5 GeV. We discuss the origin of this hierarchy in a picture where confinement is ensured by quadratic colorelectric field correlators of the special type. These correlators, on the other hand, can be calculated via
gluelump Green's function, whose dynamics is defined by the
correlators themselves. In this way one obtains a self-consistent scheme, where string tension can be expressed in terms of 
<svg style="vertical-align:-4.80482pt;width:38.150002px;" id="M1" height="17.4125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 38.150002 17.4125" width="38.150002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x39B" d="M671 0h-247v28q49 7 60 18.5t0 45.5l-155 438h-2q-21 -61 -74 -204.5t-75 -210.5q-15 -51 -4.5 -65t67.5 -22v-28h-221v28q50 9 69 26.5t45 84.5l202 517l32 9l194 -535q23 -61 42 -78.5t67 -23.5v-28z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,11.725,15.45)"><path id="x51" d="M720 -138l-8 -21q-67 -1 -128 15q-71 19 -229 130q-125 7 -208 87q-47 44 -75 107t-28 135q0 93 39.5 172t118.5 128.5t182 49.5q130 0 224.5 -94t94.5 -240q0 -126 -65.5 -212.5t-161.5 -116.5q123 -85 244 -140zM348 25l68 22l13 -9.5t14 -9.5q66 19 112 90t46 184&#xA;q0 152 -67.5 239.5t-173.5 87.5q-89 0 -151.5 -75.5t-62.5 -211.5q0 -126 56.5 -212.5t145.5 -104.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,20.792,15.45)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,28.705,15.45)"><path id="x44" d="M43 650h280q194 0 282 -85q85 -82 85 -215q0 -173 -123 -267q-107 -83 -297 -83h-236v27q65 5 79.5 19.5t14.5 77.5v402q0 45 -6 62.5t-21.5 24t-57.5 9.5v28zM213 547v-416q0 -55 24.5 -75t81.5 -20q133 0 203 86t70 214q0 80 -30 143t-88 97q-66 41 -170 41&#xA;q-62 0 -78 -13q-13 -9 -13 -57z" /></g></svg>. 

Yu. A. Simonov

V. I. Shevchenko

Confinement Mechanism in the Field Correlator Method

We study the class of pulsating strings on <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:85.637497px;" id="M2" height="21.0375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 85.637497 21.0375" width="85.637497" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.625,16.338)"><use xlink:href="#x1D434" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.085,16.338)"><use xlink:href="#x1D451" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,22.519,16.338)"><use xlink:href="#x1D446" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,30.675,20.412)"><use xlink:href="#x34" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.788,16.338)"><use xlink:href="#xD7" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.539,16.338)"><use xlink:href="#x2102" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,67.068,16.338)"><use xlink:href="#x2119" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,78.688,8.175)"><use xlink:href="#x33" /></g></svg>. Using a generalized ansatz for pulsating string configurations we find new solutions of this class. Further
we quasiclassically quantize the theory and obtain the first corrections to the energy. The latter, due to <i>AdS/CFT</i> correspondence, is supposed to give the anomalous dimensions of operators of the gauge theory dual <svg style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:45.3125px;" id="M3" height="13.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 45.3125 13.175" width="45.3125" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.625,12.3)"><path id="x1D4A9" d="M569 131h1q35 55 122 263q82 196 138 256q34 37 74 37q23 0 37.5 -12.5t14.5 -33.5t-12.5 -33.5t-30.5 -12.5q-17 0 -32 12.5t-15 32.5h-3q-48 -25 -151 -277q-33 -82 -62 -146q-29 -63 -68 -125q-45 -71 -86 -105h-20q26 106 32 310q5 189 27 265l-1 1&#xA;q-61 -82 -143 -248q-93 -184 -150 -256q-59 -74 -123 -74q-34 0 -57 22.5t-23 54.5q0 29 17 47.5t42 18.5q21 0 36.5 -15t15.5 -36q0 -18 -12 -31.5t-30 -13.5q-9 0 -16 4h-3q1 -9 10 -15.5t21 -6.5q51 0 105.5 70.5t132.5 227.5q157 318 252 357l13 -11q-14 -50 -26 -267&#xA;q-8 -166 -27 -260z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.822,12.3)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.526,12.3)"><path id="x36" d="M137 343l67 33q37 17 63 17q79 0 129.5 -53t50.5 -131q0 -92 -58 -156.5t-147 -64.5t-147 68t-58 182q0 63 17 119t43 95.5t61.5 72t69 52t67.5 31.5q62 22 128 33l6 -32q-56 -11 -108 -35q-149 -71 -184 -231zM227 337q-47 0 -95 -27q-6 -23 -6 -70q0 -93 36 -155.5&#xA;t96 -62.5q53 0 78 45.5t25 105.5q0 68 -35 116t-99 48z" /></g></svg> Chern-Simons theory.

H. Dimov

R. C. Rashkov

On the Pulsating Strings in <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" height="19.924999" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 84.512497 19.924999" width="84.512497" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.775)"><path id="x1D434" d="M716 28l-8 -28h-254l8 28q55 5 66 17.5t5 47.5l-30 145h-232l-74 -138q-21 -43 -11 -54.5t72 -17.5l-6 -28h-235l8 28q53 7 73.5 21t53.5 70l319 540l33 8q6 -43 33 -176l80 -381q10 -49 26.5 -63t72.5 -19zM495 281l-49 264h-2l-149 -264h200z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.523,15.775)"><path id="x1D451" d="M530 686q-79 -330 -126 -595q-5 -24 4 -24q22 0 77 53l16 -24q-42 -49 -88 -78.5t-72 -29.5q-37 0 -19 83l21 99h-2q-62 -83 -153 -141q-65 -41 -97 -41q-28 0 -48 31.5t-20 91.5q0 71 32.5 144t88.5 118q36 30 94 52.5t94 22.5q38 0 68 -13l29 158q7 40 2 47.5t-38 7.5&#xA;h-35l1 26q39 4 76 13.5t58.5 17t27.5 7.5q16 0 9 -26zM387 375q-11 11 -38.5 20t-51.5 9q-45 0 -79 -23q-46 -32 -77.5 -107.5t-31.5 -143.5q0 -40 9.5 -58.5t23.5 -18.5q40 0 113.5 70t99.5 118z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,21.957,15.775)"><path id="x1D446" d="M457 488l-30 -3q-17 148 -131 148q-53 0 -84.5 -34.5t-31.5 -82.5q0 -42 25.5 -72t74.5 -62l33 -22q63 -42 95 -85t32 -102q0 -84 -67 -137t-163 -53q-58 0 -113 22t-70 43l-4 152l27 4q4 -32 15 -62.5t31 -59.5t53.5 -47t76.5 -18q56 0 92 35t36 96q0 39 -25 70t-78 68&#xA;l-31 22q-32 23 -53.5 41.5t-45 57t-23.5 77.5q0 82 58 132.5t156 50.5q46 0 101 -17l18.5 -6t17 -6t8.5 -3q-4 -55 0 -147z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,30.113,19.863)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.225,15.775)"><path id="xD7" d="M528 54l-36 -38l-198 201l-198 -201l-36 38l197 200l-197 201l36 38l198 -202l198 202l36 -38l-197 -201z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,53.977,15.775)"><path id="x2102" d="M708 165q-34 -105 -63 -154q-134 -26 -204 -26q-99 0 -177.5 29t-125 77t-70.5 105.5t-24 119.5q0 157 120 253t307 96q40 0 79.5 -5t76.5 -13.5t40 -8.5l23 -151l-33 -7q-23 80 -72 114.5t-142 34.5q-79 0 -123.5 -86t-44.5 -207q0 -140 49 -227.5t125 -87.5&#xA;q84 0 133 36.5t94 117.5q6 -2 17.5 -5.5t14.5 -4.5zM313 50q-81 98 -81 286q0 175 79 267q-79 -35 -122 -107.5t-43 -159.5q0 -99 44.5 -174t122.5 -112z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.505,15.775)"><path id="x2119" d="M646 468q0 -91 -56.5 -143t-138.5 -62q-23 -3 -45 -1l-74 19v-157q0 -63 15.5 -77t83.5 -19v-28h-393v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v400q0 63 -14 77.5t-76 19.5v28h375q112 0 169 -41q64 -49 64 -141zM550 464q0 77 -42.5 115.5t-108.5 38.5q-44 0 -56 -12q-11 -8 -11 -47&#xA;v-245q31 -12 73 -12q59 0 102 38t43 124zM290 131v390q0 62 -7.5 79.5t-30.5 17.5q-24 0 -31.5 -17.5t-7.5 -79.5v-390q0 -62 7.5 -79.5t31.5 -17.5q23 0 30.5 17.5t7.5 79.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,78.125,7.613)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g></svg>

Smooth double crossing of the phantom divide line <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:58.575001px;" id="M2" height="15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.575001 15" width="58.575001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x1D464" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.162,14.938)"><use xlink:href="#x39B" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,25.675,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x3D" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.362,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2212" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.34,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g></svg> has been found possible with a single minimally
coupled scalar field for the most simple form of generalized <i>k</i>-essence cosmological model, in the presence of
background cold dark matter. Such crossing is a sufficiently late time transient phenomenon and does not have
any pathological behaviour.

Abhik Kumar Sanyal

Smooth Crossing of <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" height="15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.575001 15" width="58.575001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
		<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)">
			<path id="x1D464" d="M689 332q0 -81 -40 -161.5t-103.5 -131.5t-127.5 -51q-32 0 -58.5 16t-40.5 46q-70 -62 -139 -62q-45 0 -77.5 30t-32.5 86q0 8 7 52q11 77 45 187q6 19 6 34q0 6 -7 6q-24 0 -78 -64l-20 23q32 48 73 77t78 29q32 0 32 -43q0 -30 -12 -73q-27 -95 -38 -152
q-8 -44 -8 -58q0 -77 68 -77q31 0 60 33.5t39 77.5l62 260l75 16l5 -6l-63 -246q-8 -29 -8 -58q0 -77 68 -77q66 0 116 75.5t50 194.5q0 43 -12 57q-11 12 -11 24q0 19 15 35.5t34 16.5q18 0 30.5 -34.5t12.5 -81.5z"/>
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		<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,12.162,14.938)">
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		<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.362,10.862)">
			<path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z"/>
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		<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.34,10.862)">
			<path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z"/>
		</g>
	</svg> Line in a Single Scalar Field Model

When analyzing the particle-like excitations in quantum field theory it is natural to regard
the field mode corresponding to the particle momentum as an open quantum system, together
with the opposite momentum mode. Provided that the state of the field is stationary,
homogeneous, and isotropic, this scalar two-mode system can be equivalently represented in
terms of a pair of quantum Brownian oscillators under a Gaussian approximation. In other
words, the two-mode system behaves as if it were interacting linearly with some effective
environment. In this paper we build the details of the effective linear coupling and the
effective environment, and argue that this quantum Brownian representation provides a
simple, universal, and nonperturbative characterization of any single particle-like excitation.
As immediate applications of the equivalence, we reanalyze the interpretation of the self-energy
in terms of decay rates in a general background state and present the master equation
for the field mode corresponding to the particle momentum.

Daniel Arteaga

Quantum Brownian Representation for the Quantum Field Modes

A semi-simple tensor extension of the Poincaré algebra is proposed for the arbitrary dimensions <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.775px;" id="M1" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 13.775 11.175" width="13.775" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><path id="x1D437" d="M780 372q0 -191 -178 -297q-128 -75 -335 -75h-250l7 27q61 7 77 22t28 76l77 398q11 62 0 76.5t-77 22.5l6 28h292q164 0 258.5 -67.5t94.5 -210.5zM678 375q0 119 -73 180.5t-201 61.5q-62 0 -82 -13q-17 -7 -25 -53l-80 -427q-8 -47 -4 -62t26 -20q24 -6 80 -6&#xA;q166 0 262.5 95t96.5 244z" /></g></svg>. It is established that this extension is a direct sum of the <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.775px;" id="M2" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 13.775 11.175" width="13.775" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><use xlink:href="#x1D437" /></g></svg>-dimensional Lorentz algebra so(<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:39.462502px;" id="M3" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 39.462502 11.175" width="39.462502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><use xlink:href="#x1D437" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.486,11.113)"><path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,31.238,11.113)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g></svg>, 1) and <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.775px;" id="M4" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 13.775 11.175" width="13.775" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><use xlink:href="#x1D437" /></g></svg>-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) algebra so(<svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:39.462502px;" id="M5" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 39.462502 11.175" width="39.462502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><use xlink:href="#x1D437" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.486,11.113)"><use xlink:href="#x2212" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,31.238,11.113)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g></svg>, 2). A supersymmetric also semi-simple generalization of this extension is constructed in the <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:41.349998px;" id="M6" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 41.349998 11.175" width="41.349998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><use xlink:href="#x1D437" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,18.421,11.113)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,33.125,11.113)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g></svg> dimensions. It is shown that this generalization is a direct sum of the 4-dimensional Lorentz algebra so(3, 1) and orthosymplectic algebra osp(1, 4) (super-AdS algebra).

Dmitrij V. Soroka

Vyacheslav A. Soroka

Semi-Simple Extension of the (Super) Poincaré Algebra

The conserving <svg style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:41.837502px;" id="M1" height="12.5375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 41.837502 12.5375" width="41.837502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,8.038)"><path id="x1D70E" d="M548 455q-32 -77 -74 -77q-37 0 -103 10l-3 -2q36 -30 48.5 -62t12.5 -80q0 -103 -75 -179.5t-175 -76.5q-70 0 -113 45t-43 128q0 115 83.5 200.5t209.5 85.5q31 0 77.5 -4t67.5 -4q36 0 62 30zM350 274q0 54 -17 86q-19 35 -57 35q-50 0 -90 -37.5t-59 -91.5t-19 -109&#xA;q0 -61 24.5 -96.5t65.5 -35.5q51 0 87.5 46.5t50.5 100.5t14 102z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.667,8.038)"><path id="x2D" d="M300 253l-14 -55h-229l14 55h229z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.718,8.038)"><path id="x1D714" d="M615 290q0 -148 -114 -245q-65 -57 -125 -57q-39 0 -62 27t-29 70q-31 -41 -72 -69t-74 -28q-49 0 -82.5 43t-33.5 124q0 97 55 174.5t148 124.5l15 -24q-59 -45 -94 -113t-35 -146q0 -58 19.5 -88.5t48.5 -30.5q33 0 62 34.5t45 101.5q16 73 20 135l80 17l5 -6&#xA;q-11 -37 -23.5 -100t-12.5 -92q0 -47 16.5 -71.5t44.5 -24.5q62 0 95.5 67t33.5 160q0 107 -63 152l1 9q14 14 45 14q29 0 57.5 -44t28.5 -114z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,26.564,8.038)"><use xlink:href="#x2D" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.615,8.038)"><path id="x1D70C" d="M516 277q0 -126 -140 -231q-36 -27 -75.5 -42.5t-63.5 -15.5q-38 0 -73 43q-10 -44 -18 -106q-18 -134 -32 -151q-12 -16 -40 -25t-46 -10l-5 14q22 38 84 406q16 92 44.5 146.5t88.5 95.5q68 47 136 47q63 0 101.5 -47.5t38.5 -123.5zM432 259q0 61 -27 101t-79 40&#xA;t-82 -49t-49 -148l-24 -127q42 -36 88 -36q79 0 126 61.5t47 157.5z" /></g></svg> mean-field approximation with nonlinear interactions of hadrons has been applied
to examine properties of nuclear matter and hyperonic neutron stars. The nonlinear interactions that will
produce density-dependent effective masses and coupling constants of hadrons are included in order to
examine density correlations among properties of nuclear matter and neutron stars such as binding energy,
incompressibility, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:13.3125px;" id="M2" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 13.3125 11.175" width="13.3125" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.113)"><path id="x1D43E" d="M764 650l-7 -26q-61 -10 -91.5 -22.5t-76.5 -48.5l-235 -184q104 -152 208 -276q31 -37 54.5 -48.5t68.5 -16.5l-7 -28h-156q-138 170 -213 284q-19 29 -33.5 35t-33.5 -7l-29 -173q-15 -75 -5.5 -90.5t74.5 -20.5l-5 -28h-260l7 28q58 5 74 21.5t30 89.5l70 378&#xA;q12 68 2 83t-72 22l6 28h257l-7 -28q-62 -7 -76 -21.5t-27 -83.5l-32 -172q29 11 78 46q112 84 217 179q18 16 23.5 25.5t-1 14.5t-26.5 8l-30 4l5 28h249z" /></g></svg>, symmetry energy, <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt;width:15.0625px;" id="M3" height="11.825" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 15.0625 11.825" width="15.0625" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D44E" d="M483 97q-42 -50 -88.5 -79.5t-68.5 -29.5q-37 0 -17 93l22 102h-2q-54 -79 -144 -149q-59 -46 -100 -46q-24 0 -43 29t-19 86q0 78 34.5 153t94.5 120q41 31 94 51.5t98 20.5q29 0 72 -9q26 -6 39 -6l2 -4q-30 -117 -67 -323q-8 -41 2 -41q16 0 79 58zM374 387&#xA;q-32 15 -73 15q-52 0 -83 -23q-48 -36 -78 -108.5t-30 -152.5q0 -33 8.5 -50.5t20.5 -17.5q31 0 107 79t99 132q15 40 29 126z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.663,11.762)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g></svg>, hyperon-onset density, and maximum masses of neutron stars.
The conditions of conserving approximations in order to maintain thermodynamic consistency to an
approximation are essential for the analysis of density-dependent correlations.

Schun T. Uechi

Hiroshi Uechi

The Density-Dependent Correlations among Observables in Nuclear Matter and Hyperon-Rich Neutron Stars

Loop quantum cosmology (LQC) is very powerful to deal with the
behavior of early universe. Moreover, the
effective loop quantum cosmology gives a successful description of
the universe in the semiclassical region. We consider the apparent
horizon of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe as a
thermodynamical system and investigate the thermodynamics of LQC
in the semiclassical region. The effective density and effective
pressure in the modified Friedmann equation from LQC not only
determine the evolution of the universe in LQC scenario but
also are actually found to be the thermodynamic
quantities. This result comes from the energy definition in
cosmology (the Misner-Sharp gravitational energy) and is
consistent with thermodynamic laws. We prove that within the
framework of loop quantum cosmology, the elementary equation of
equilibrium thermodynamics is still valid.

Li-Fang Li

Jian-Yang Zhu

Thermodynamics in Loop Quantum Cosmology

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<p><em>Advances in High Energy Physics</em> publishes the results of theoretical and experimental research on the nature of, and interaction between, energy and matter.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Seidel, is a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of New Mexico. She is a collaborator on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, researching high-energy collider physics.</p>


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Advances in High Energy Physics publishes the results of theoretical and experimental research on the nature of, and interaction between, energy and matter.

Advances in High Energy Physics