Combining Host Plant Resistance, Selective Insecticides, and Biological Control Agents for Integrated Management of Tuta absoluta

Table 1

Multiple comparisons of treatment combinations leaf damage means, as infested by Tuta absoluta using the Tukey contrast matrix.

Contrast	Estimate	Se	Z value	Pr (>|z|)
Contrast 1: MR + I vs. S + I + BCA	0.015	0.034	0.451	0.998
Contrast 2: MR vs. S + I + BCA	0.148	0.034	4.311	0.001
Contrast 3: S + I vs. S + I + BCA	0.123	0.034	3.578	0.005
Contrast 4: MR + I + BCA vs. S + I + BCA	−0.062	0.034	−1.796	0.469
Contrast 5: S vs. S + I + BCA	0.099	0.034	2.883	0.045
Contrast 6: MR vs. MR + I	0.132	0.034	3.861	0.002
Contrast 7: S + I vs. MR + I	0.107	0.034	3.127	0.022
Contrast 8: MR + I + BCA vs. MR + I	−0.077	0.034	−2.246	0.216
Contrast 9: S vs. MR + I	0.083	0.034	2.432	0.145
Contrast 10: S + I vs. MR	−0.025	0.034	−0.733	0.977
Contrast 11: MR + I + BCA vs. MR	−0.209	0.034	−6.107	0.001
Contrast 12: S vs. MR	0.049	0.034	−1.428	0.709
Contrast 13: MR + I + BCA vs. S + I	−0.185	0.034	−5.374	0.001
Contrast 14: S vs. S + I	−0.024	0.034	−0.695	0.983
Contrast 15: S vs. MR + I + BCA	0.161	0.034	4.679	0.001

, and indicate significance at the 5, 1, and 0.1% levels; ns = not significant. MR = moderately resistant variety (Riogrande VF); S = susceptible variety (Pesa F1); I = insecticide (Coragen®); BCA = biocontrol agent (Macrolophus pygmaeus).