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| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| | | | | | | | |
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Geographical characteristics (ref = rural areas) | | | | | | | | |
3 largest cities | 13.540 | | −10.784 | | −12.568 | | −12.429 | |
Areas within 15 km from 3 largest cities | 31.404 | | 13.675 | | 12.011 | | 12.084 | |
Other cities | 5.999 | | −2.133 | −0.044 | −3.938 | | −3.917 | |
Areas within 15 km from medium cities | 9.479 | | 3.27 | | 2.681 | | 2.497 | |
Areas within 15 km from smaller cities | 3.885 | | 1.342 | 0.044 | 1.054 | 0.035 | 1.129 | 0.037 |
Sociodemographic characteristics | | | | | | | | |
Percentage of working-age population, 2001 | | | −0.216 | −0.076 | −0.313 | | −0.32 | |
Percentage of households with children, 2001 | | | 0.726 | | 0.727 | | 0.706 | |
Socioeconomic characteristics | | | | | | | | |
Percentage of university education, 2001 | | | 0.436 | | 0.353 | | 0.39 | |
Change in the percentage of university education, 2001–2011 | | | 1.322 | | 1.21 | | 1.225 | |
Percentage of employed, 2001 | | | 0.207 | | 0.225 | | 0.218 | |
Percentage of employment in business services, 2001 | | | 1.596 | | 1.551 | | 1.536 | |
Change in the percentage of employment in business services, 2001–2011 | | | 5.773 | | 5.664 | | 5.592 | |
Percentage of high-ranking occupation, 2001 | | | −0.269 | | −0.218 | −0.107 | −0.24 | |
Percentage of joblessness, 2001 | | | | | 0.041 | 0.017 | 0.04 | 0.016 |
Percentage of employment in industry and construction sector, 2001 | | | | | 0.027 | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.017 |
Percentage of employment in traditional service sector, 2001 | | | | | 0.178 | | 0.173 | |
Percentage of employment in public administration, 2001 | | | | | −0.034 | −0.016 | −0.03 | −0.015 |
Percentage of receiving social benefits, 2001 | | | | | −0.259 | −0.046 | −0.286 | −0.051 |
Municipal-level variables | | | | | | | | |
Average wage, 2001 | | | | | | | −0.01 | −0.035 |
Foreign investments per capita 2001−2011 | | | | | | | 0.033 | 0.055 |
Number of economic entities per 1000 persons, 2001 | | | | | | | −0.105 | −0.035 |
Number of social dwellings per persons, 2003 | | | | | | | 0.163 | 0.022 |
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Constant | −20.715 | | −56.005 | | −49.523 | | −44.980 | |
| 0.432 | | 0.633 | | 0.638 | | 0.640 | |
(df), significance | 540 (5), 0.000 | | 532 (13), 0.000 | | 527 (18), 0.000 | | 523 (22), 0.000 | |
Residual sum of squares (total 107 440) | 61 004 | | 39 389 | | 38 855 | | 38 673 | |
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