Shrinking Regions in a Shrinking Country: The Geography of Population Decline in Lithuania 2001–2011

Table 1

Variable summary statistics—2001 and 2011 Lithuanian census data and Statistics Lithuania ().

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. deviation
Percentage of population change, 2001–2011	−41.70	90.90	−14.047	14.041
Urban-rural distinction
3 largest cities	0	1	0.06	0.235
Areas within 15 km from 3 largest cities	0	1	0.10	0.306
Other cities	0	1	0.09	0.289
Areas within 15 km from medium cities	0	1	0.09	0.281
Areas within 15 km from smaller cities	0	1	0.32	0.466
Seniūnija-level variables
Mean age in years, 2001	28.37	52.69	39.209	3.168
Percentage of working-age (15–64) population, 2001	47.47	79.18	61.78	4.953
Percentage of households with children, 2001	13.79	54.56	36.291	6.850
Percentage of Lithuanian ethnic group, 2001	2.29	99.92	87.206	23.715
Percentage of university education, 2001	8.71	44.18	20.419	6.714
Percentage of employed, 2001	23.22	74.52	47.472	8.441
Percentage of joblessness, 2001	2.96	36.47	14.298	5.706
Percentage of employment in 2001 in
Primary sector	0.99	80.82	35.226	20.037
Industry and construction sector	1.22	49.14	17.921	9.663
Traditional service sector	3.86	39.46	14.414	6.434
Business service sector	1.88	42.86	9.297	4.323
Public administration	5.24	53.42	20.348	6.790
Percentage of high-ranking occupation, 2001	4.87	50.26	15.822	6.913
Percentage of receiving social benefits, 2001	2.36	15.78	7.566	2.497
Municipal-level variables
Average wage, 2001 EUR	195.78	488.30	239.413	50.324
Foreign invest. per capita (EURm), sum 2001–2011	0.01	126.56	9.3022	23.082
Number of economic entities per 1000 persons, 2001	7.60	67.50	15.227	4.751
Number of social dwellings per 1000 persons, 2003	0.17	35.62	2.1328	1.8753

Reference = rural areas further than 15 km from the cities.
In three largest cities, there are 32 research areas.
From the working-age population.
From the employed population.
The high-ranking occupation group includes managers and professionals (according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations).
An economic entity can be any organization or unit in society including state-owned companies, municipal enterprises, private and public companies, associations, and charity organizations.