Population under Stress: The Coping Mechanisms of Lebanese Adults in Times of Intermingling Crises and Their Relationship with Stress
Table 3
Coping mechanisms stratified by demographic characteristics showing mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the coping score within the levels of the demographic variables and values§.
Variables
Coping mechanisms
Problem focused
Emotion focused
Avoidant coping
Age
Pearson’s correlation between age and coping ( value for Pearson’s correlation)¥
−0.101 (0.180)
−0.095 (0.202)
0.094 (0.210)
Gender ( value§)
(0.517)
(0.001)
(0.007)
Male
2.851 ± 0.585
2.386 ± 0.462
2.109 ± 0.544
Female
2.945 ± 0.562
2.625 ± 0.421
2.164 ± 0.465
Other
3.0 ± 0.530
2.708 ± 0.058
3.250 ± 0.353
Highest level of education ( value§)
(0.055)
(0.004)
(0.044)
No degree
3.187 ± 0.795
2.750 ± 0.471
2.375 ± 0.000
Less than a high school diploma
3.125 ± 0.000
3.083 ± 0.166
2.000 ± 0.433
High school diploma or equivalent degree
2.573 ± 0.869
2.568 ± 0.447
2.360 ± 0.607
Vocational degree (BT, TS, etc.)
3.139 ± 0.485
2.676 ± 0.338
2.404 ± 0.415
University degree (bachelor’s degree, master’s degree)
2.893 ± 0.536
2.483 ± 0.45716
2.124 ± 0.517
Doctorate degree (Phd, MD, etc.)
2.729 ± 0.558
2.354 ± 0.466
1.843 ± 0.406
Current employment status ( value§)
(0.329)
(0.589)
(0.418)
Freelancer
2.892 ± 0.461
2.431 ± 0.4309
2.232 ± 0.528
Employed
2.905 ± 0.577
2.542 ± 0.4760
2.137 ± 0.527
Not employed, currently a student
2.895 ± 0.462
2.472 ± 0.386
1.993 ± 0.462
Not employed, looking for work
2.906 ± 0.667
2.458 ± 0.274
2.484 ± 0.580
Not employed, not looking for work
2.583 ± 1.032
2.555 ± 0.569
2.145 ± 0.365
Retired
2.437 ± 0.795
2.250 ± 0.235
2.375 ± 0.530
Disabled, not able to work
2.125 ± 1.414
2.791 ± 0.530
2.062 ± 0.088
Monthly income ( value§)
(0.545)
(0.002)
(0.521)
Less than $50 per month
2.738 ± 0.759
2.545 ± 0.415
2.318 ± 0.341
Between $50 and $100 per month
2.994 ± 0.597
2.825 ± 0.301
2.148 ± 0.541
Between $101 and $300 per month
2.809 ± 0.641
2.470 ± 0.434
2.202 ± 0.496
Between $301 and $500 per month
2.943 ± 0.486
2.553 ± 0.444
2.083 ± 0.527
Between $501 and $1000 per month
2.996 ± 0.431
2.570 ± 0.392
2.218 ± 0.444
More than $1000 per month
2.753 ± 0.661
2.315 ± 0.532
2.055 ± 0.584
§ANOVA test was used to generate the values. ¥ value for Pearson’s correlation between age and each coping mechanism.
