Multifaceted Social and Environmental Disruptions Impact on Smallholder Plantations’ Resilience in Indonesia

Figure 7

The existence (a) and the effect (b) of social, environmental, and economic disruption (source: constructed by the authors based on primary data from field survey, 2021). The questions or statements (2-scale: agree and disagree) of the effect of each disruption event on farming activities were questioned to farmers who have answered at least a score of 3 (yellow color/neutral) in the statements about the existence of each disruption. The statements/questions of the effect are related to changes in farming activities habits or income.

(a)

(b)